‘This is a wonderful book that should be on the desk of every architect and planner. It shows how


Does this mean MFA can be used to discover ‘new’ problems to address?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

Does this mean MFA can be used to discover ‘new’ problems to address?
Yes. For example, tracing the flow of critical materials and substances through systems could enable 
us to identify areas of ‘impending’ resource pollution or depletion – even before we might otherwise 
predict them. In this way, MFA could support more proactive planning: identifying new problems 
before they have measurable impacts, such as toxins gradually accumulating in ground water, or 
toxic dust accumulating downwind from mining operations. Because flows analysis is grounded in 
specific regions, we could proactively address problems created by past development by, for example, 
‘mining wastes’. Unexpected insights can emerge when helicopter and submarine views are combined.
For example, MFA was applied to the river system running through the Australian Capital Territory 
(ACT). Our researcher, Robert Dyball, discovered that the isolated data compiled by the numerous 
government instrumentalities concerned with water management in the region did not add up.
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Apparently none of these agencies had yet mapped and quantified the whole water system. The 
various authorities were only ‘responsible’ for isolated sections of the river. Water had been treated 
as inputs and outputs, not as a whole hydrological and ecological system (the umbilical cord view 
of nature). This may be partly why, despite awareness of an impending water quantity and quality 
crisis in the region, virtually nothing was done to ‘drought-proof’ Australia until it appeared that 
the drought might never break. So whereas input–output thinking does not tend to inspire vision or 
action, auditing stocks and flows at different scales could encourage innovation [Box 39].
So does MFA meet all the criteria for a sustainability auditing method?
No. The potential of flows analyses as an aid to equitable distribution does not appear to have been 
realized. Again, a key value of MFA is that it can look at both place and materials, so it can link 
resource consumption to the specific region and its unique natural systems. So, MFA could be used to 
support the re-design of basic systems of production or construction. It could help map the transfers 
and transformations of energy and materials within a development or city, and those between that 
development or city and the wider ecology. We have suggested that tracing and quantifying flows 


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Positive Development
of key materials as they move from their sources in nature, through urban, industrial and regional 
areas, and back to the natural systems in which they are embedded would support eco-logical design.
However, MFA would not necessarily support the design of socially equitable and ecologically sound 
environments and institutions. This is partly because MFAs have tended to be conducted within the 
conventional linear-reductionist framework. Further, the solutions suggested in most MFA studies 
have tended towards recycling initiatives, not re-design. In other words, MFA has been used to 
reduce or re-use waste, but not to improve relations between natural areas and ‘rurban’ development 
(let alone between people). Environmental thinking needs to move beyond closing loops to creating 
virtuous cycles.

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