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Isn’t it important to determine which factors have the biggest impacts?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

Isn’t it important to determine which factors have the biggest impacts? 
Of course. By determining what portion of net impacts the product, process or material constitutes, 
those with the greatest impacts can be reduced. But trying to reduce the impact or efficiency of each 
variable in a conventional building does not encourage new design prototypes that support and 
enhance nature itself. Furthermore, to assign numbers and compare them, these incommensurate, 
unquantifiable variables need to be reduced to numbers. While expert opinion is often used to 
determine the relative weightings, ‘expertise’ reflects the application of established views (which still 
undervalue nature). One becomes an expert only when one’s views are accepted by the mainstream.
Moreover, the view of many professionals and academics is that if they cannot apply their tool to 
a problem, the problem is not relevant to their work. So a problem that does not submit to LCA 
will not be studied by LCA experts. Moreover, if it does not have immediate business potential, the 
research to improve these aspects of LCA may not even be funded. Re-design to expand substantive 
choice and future options will not happen where the methodologies, institutions and processes evolve 


90
Positive Development
within an unsustainable social order [Chapter 13]. So we will still need to foster ecologically and 
socially sound systems of design processes and governance that ensure that important issues – like 
environmental justice and ecological gain – do not fall through cracks.
How could LCA tools work against environmental justice? 
LCA generally treats each stage of production as a box with inputs and outputs. Whereas embodied 
energy analysis looks at impacts upstream, and impact assessment looks at impacts downstream, 
LCA purports to look both upstream and downstream. However, the basic conceptual visors 
created by measuring inputs and outputs sequentially are seldom if ever questioned [Chapter 6].
In contrast, the first eco-logical design questions might be:

Do we 
need
the product or building, or is there some other way of providing the service?
• 
Does it improve environmental justice?
• 
Is the proposed project the best use of the land and human resources?
In practice, LCA can actually be a contradiction in terms. At a conference the author attended 
on LCA in Arlington, Virginia, for example, a Department of Defence delegate proudly presented 
its ‘green bomb’. It was claimed to be clean and efficient in all stages of its production. At the 
end of its ‘life-cycle’, disposal or landfill would not even be an issue. In fact, the green bomb 
could be said to give a whole new meaning to the term ‘zero waste’. Not counting the military
conventional development, with its fossil fuel and chemical dependency, is arguably the biggest 
contributor to the increasing rate of resource consumption, waste and pollution from a whole 
system perspective. Yet LCA reduces the built environment to myriad little parts. These tools are 
designed and applied to look at one element, such as a building or component, in isolation from 
its social and ecological context. The existence of complex tools also creates the illusion that total 
impacts are being reduced. Things appear to be ‘under control’ by technocrats, who are therefore 
assumed to be accountable.

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