88
Positive
Development
Figure 2, page 21. While tools may increase awareness of our ‘numerical’ dependency on nature, they
deny our ‘spiritual’ connection, and treat nature as a material resource only.
They conceal the fact
that we are not yet dealing with remediation – let alone creating positive impacts. Moreover, tools
aimed at measuring the inputs and outputs of the parts do not convey their internal transformations
and contextual relationships. By developing design methods and assessment tools that map resource
flows through the site and urban context, we could find deficiencies of existing development that a
design could aim to reverse or ameliorate [Chapter 6].
Similarly, by mapping the biodiversity of the
(pre-existing) site and region, we could ensure that development enhances urban nature corridors
and microhabitats to help restore and revitalize the bioregion [Chapter 8]. Such site and/or regional
ecological analyses would also assist designers in improving their ecological consciousness. But
instead of encouraging designers to draw symbiotically upon the free services of nature, our tools
encourage the use of universal engineering solutions that disregard the ‘glocal’ ecology (ie the global
and local combined).
Haven’t good results been delivered through universal engineering solutions?
Yes and no. Good design questions end purposes. The industrial engineering approach is often
accompanied by a perceived need to reduce everything to numbers, or energy equivalents, for
efficiency and accounting purposes.
15
This marginalizes positive impacts, which concepts like
‘happiness indicators’ and ecological space try to convey [Box 34]. (By analogy, technology itself does
not cause war, but it makes efficient annihilation normal.) An overemphasis on numbers reinforces
the bias towards mechanistic over fluid design. For example, assessment tools often employ arbitrary
‘rules of thumb’ that replace creative, synergistic thinking [Chapter 6].
Given their engineering
orientation, rating tools tend to prioritize technical fixes that embellish the box, and detract attention
from fundamental systems health and environmental flows.
In Australia, the NatHERS tool
discriminated against eco-logical design by not adequately accounting for the effect of airflows on
comfort levels, while the newer AccuRate tool (reputedly) overcompensates for natural ventilation.
16
It does not account for the variable effects of wind on interior air flows.
Even when actual buildings
are tested, the individual experience of comfort depends on many complex factors. Moreover, many
tools reduce things to
one
number for comparing different buildings on different sites with different
functions (below). To avoid energy-efficient but sub-optimal building technologies that substitute
nature with mechanical equipment, we need assessment concepts, criteria and processes that foster
innovative
design for specific,
unique
contexts, sites and functions: diversity not uniformity.
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