Why can’t ‘predictive’ rating tools also serve as ‘design’ tools?
Predictive tools are, paradoxically, not future oriented. Rather, they are ‘accountancy-based’ and
retrospective in orientation. They measure the
predicted
impacts of a design, technology or material.
So before using the tools, developers and designers already have an investment of time, effort and
ego in a proposal or prototype. Therefore, while they may be happy to fine-tune the design, they
will not want to start over from scratch. The tools, in fact, almost demand conventional designs.
The emphasis on measuring the predicted impacts of a proposed design therefore eclipses creative
processes that are directed at generating
new
design concepts or strategies. Of course, design requires
‘assessment’ in order to both help us understand where existing systems have gone wrong and to
evaluate technical aspects of alternatives. However, the tools need to be relevant to the nature of
sustainability.
7
Measurement is important, but only if we measure the right things. Sustainable
alternatives to standard construction, like earth buildings, have been penalized since the introduction
of rating tools through a lack of sustainability research and benchmarking, flawed calculations, and
misinformation.
8
Tools also create vested interests in consultancies to assess negative environmental
risks and impacts. There would, after all, be little need to trace the myriad negative repercussions of
development in a complex natural system if we eliminated them altogether by design.
Is there a problem with consultancies specializing in applying rating tools?
A raft of consultancies seems to emerge with each new variation in environmental impact assessment
tools, because most are proprietary. More jobs in environmental planning and management are, of
course, a good thing. However, building assessment tools tend to focus on problems for which there
are already solutions. They also tend to make the norm the reference point, instead of the ecology.
The fundamental ‘design’ assumptions underlying many consultants’ tools are not very transparent.
Users must simply trust the ecological validity of the processes. Knowledge about
how
environmental
impacts are measured needs to be transparent because all tools embody assumptions. Often even
public domain tools do not explain their implicit assumptions.
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Further, private consultancies often
want to create and protect intellectual property. This means that methods used in measuring impacts
tend to be ever more complex and inaccessible to the general public. Consultants’ tools sometimes
even privatize information through ‘commercial in confidence’ claims. Thus, without knowing it,
environmental managers and consultants may implement methods that are inconsistent with, and
even create barriers to, sustainability. By analogy, as Mary O’Brien has pointed out, thousands of
pages of analyses were written about the risks, impacts and life-cycle costs of organo-chlorines in
paper manufacture – when non-toxic paper bleaching alternatives were already available.
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Finally,
tools shape design. The basic design strategies are also, in essence, being usurped by programme
designers and tool applicators, who are often neither ecologists nor designers.
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