Do these decision tools actually impede systems transformation though?
To the extent that they create the impression we are doing anything, yes. We have noted that
assessment systems begin with existing, familiar design patterns and materials for which data is
easily obtained. Consequently, tool designers (and their computer programs) may overvalue factors
for which they have data and hence downplay ecological factors. Even basic materials like earth,
straw and stone are highly variable and not proprietary, so less data is available. It is not in large
industry’s interests to encourage decentralized construction technologies. Thus, for example, the
lack of data in a data-based system can create a bias against organic materials. More construction
materials are, of course, being added to LCA and building rating tools each year. Nonetheless, the
relative value of ‘compostable’, organic materials in terms of site-specific and/or whole systems health
is difficult to measure. Because of the extensive data on recyclable steel, in contrast, it may be easier
to specify and apply rating tools to steel structures than to use recycled, cellulose-based structures
[Box 21]. Yet cellulose structures can span distances as great as steel, and are likely to have far lower
life-cycle impacts. An example is the Japan Pavilion in Expo 2000, Hannover, Germany, which used
a timber lattice structure to span a huge area.
20
In short, the focus on what is easily measured (such
as conventional industrial materials) can distract attention from exploring new, healthier energy
sources and resources.
So do data-driven processes actually work against eco-logical design?
Often. Some rating tools give more points for reducing the use of a material than avoiding it
altogether. Other tools give more points for using harmful materials that have recycled content than
using none at all. In at least one rating tool, adding ‘extra’ sustainably harvested timber – even surplus
to requirements – could increase the number of stars that the building earns. In other words, the
tool can encourage more resource consumption. While reductionist tools have an important role
to fill, they still tend to replace, rather than support, design. Data-intensive processes work against
design to the extent that they are not
subsidiary
to design. These processes cultivate society’s bean-
counting skills, but do not build capacity in eco-logical design. An illustration of data-induced
myopia is the comparison of the impacts of paper versus Styrofoam coffee cups. In debates over
which container is worse, few stop to realize that the production of coffee has arguably far more
negative social and environmental impacts than either kind of cup (ie thinking outside the cup).
Even fewer stop to consider what implications this may have for environmental policy and systems
design solutions. Cutting back on drinking coffee would not convert coffee production to organic
farming or eliminate child slavery in coffee production. Further, given the range of variables, it
would be hard to assess which is more harmful: disposable cups from centralized commercial coffee
shop machines or smaller high-pressure coffee machines for each staff coffee room. In other words,
linear-reductionist frameworks focus attention on the products while more ‘needs’ are simultaneously
being created by the market. Moreover, the data itself can be misleading.
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