‘This is a wonderful book that should be on the desk of every architect and planner. It shows how


How do we decide how much, and which, development to invest in then?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

How do we decide how much, and which, development to invest in then?
One of the roles of planners should be to determine the best public and private investments to achieve 
net Positive Development most effectively. Some planners have promulgated basic green design 


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Development Standards and Criteria
guidelines, but they have not developed and disseminated methods to ensure that development 
contributes positive on- and off-site impacts. Instead of encouraging ‘positive’ actions that we know 
are safe, effective and economical (such as eco-retrofitting), our environmental management systems 
seek ever more specialized ways of quantifying the risks of inherently dangerous activities – much of 
this at public expense. We have traditionally made planning and design decisions according to what 
is the least bad land-use option, or the best design alternative for which there are current investors.
Then we implement complex regulations, incentives and tools to encourage developers and designers 
to reduce waste and mitigate negative impacts at the margins. Proposals are not assessed so that 
they can be rejected; they are assessed so that these activities and associated risks can be mitigated 
and approved. Paying consultants to measure the damage of a building proposal relative to standard 
buildings will seldom, if ever, result in significant net improvements to pre-existing conditions.
How do we avoid ecological waste and opportunity cost of poor design?
Greening the old prototype or constructing less wastefully is relatively trivial, given the ‘opportunity 
cost’ of unsustainable built environment design. There is a simpler and quicker way to improve the 
standard of development than a proliferation of decision and design aids: front-loading design. To 
foster eco-logical design, we could require designers and/or developers to consider eco-retrofitting 
and eco-innovation options and describe these investigations in an ‘eco-design report’, as discussed in 
the following chapter. A hierarchy of eco-innovation, to guide investment, is provided in Chapter 14.
However, the basic message that has emerged from the above conversation is that built environment 
design could not only provide positive on- and off-site impacts, it could create a ‘surplus’ of eco-
services and ecosystems, often at no extra cost. Next, we will review what we are doing instead of 
design.





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