‘This is a wonderful book that should be on the desk of every architect and planner. It shows how


So our views of waste can actually discriminate against eco-retrofitting?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

So our views of waste can actually discriminate against eco-retrofitting? 
If we do not measure something, we often leave it out. For example, our assessment tools still focus on 
the ‘operating’ energy that will be used by the building after construction [Chapter 5]. This is because 
operating energy has been much greater than ‘embodied energy’ (energy used in construction), which 
is hard to measure. However, with passive solar design and solar electricity generation, we could 
virtually eliminate operating energy, using free solar energy for heating, cooling and ventilating.
Instead, due to our limited views of waste, we have tended to support hi-tech solutions to low-tech 
problems, like more efficient air-conditioners. But such perceptions are rooted in more fundamental 
economic structures. For example, due to market distortions (like undervalued natural resources), 
developers have little incentive to address the impacts of existing development. Reusing existing 
structures can save substantial sums (generally over 30 per cent). Developers are seldom asked to 
consider the environmental costs of demolition. They generally only consider the private costs of 
retrofitting as against the private costs of new development. It is often easier to simply knock down 
buildings and use well-rehearsed industrial construction processes. After all, few people are trained 
in retrofitting and there is little private benefit in building capacity when natural resources are so 
cheap. There is little public pressure to preserve basic building structures, except in the case of 
heritage buildings. Further, developers currently only pay for waste to landfill, not embodied waste.
Development approval systems ignore the ‘opportunity cost’: the on-site and off-site externalities 
imposed by the 
existing
urban context that a retrofit could address. They do not, for example, weigh 
in the costs of maintaining the built environment ‘as is’, relative to the cost of correcting and improving 
it (over time). Governments could remove the institutional biases against eco-retrofitting, or ensure 


79
Development Standards and Criteria
new development compensates for the waste caused by 
previous
development through remediation 
projects. Instead, they just require development proposals to offset their additional new impacts. 

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