How are urban systems ‘open’ and why is design better suited for this?
Cities are fully dependent on their wider region and nature itself. They are not closed systems, or
‘islands in themselves’. Yet due to our reductionist intellectual heritage, most policy and planning
initiatives still treat urban and rural areas in isolation. We still design urban systems as if their design
does not affect rural areas and vice versa. Both urban and regional developments have externalized
negative impacts on the other. What goes around comes around. For instance, urban construction
waste contains toxic materials that leach from rural landfills (or via floods) into water systems. These
eventually re-visit urban residents in the form of polluted water. Conversely, expensive and toxic
agricultural chemicals drain into soils and rivers causing, for example, the excessive growth of algae.
These chemicals, over time, damage the region’s farm productivity as well as its ecological productivity.
They also make cities more ‘import dependent’ for their food supplies. Consolidation proposals tend
to assume impacts will be reduced if cities occupy less space, even though they still use their regions
as ‘sources and sinks’. We have said that sustainability requires cities to reimburse and support their
bioregions. Only systems re-design can do this. Positive environmental flows can be increased (and
adverse flows reduced) by better urban design, not by reductionist analyses alone.
Can’t reductionist analyses treat cities and regions as open systems?
If so, it has apparently not happened yet. The process of creating synergistic and symbiotic relationships
between urban and rural areas could start by examining environmental flows through a whole region.
However, we also need to go well beyond the present reductionist preoccupation with energy flows.
Energy is fundamental, but it cannot capture the essence of things like space, life quality and living
ecosystems. We tend to reduce everything to energy. For example, we see space in negative terms
as something that just consumes or wastes energy. Therefore, we try to minimize and zone spaces in
buildings and urban areas to reduce ‘wasted’ space. This is similar to the view that river water allowed
to flow to the sea, rather than used for production, is ‘wasted’. However, it is public space, not small
computer-filled cubicles, that creates the ‘human energy’ and social vitality of cities. To increase
the social and natural functions of cities, then, we need to increase the indoor and outdoor space
for natural systems – not reduce it. Space does not cost extra, or use much embodied or operating
energy, if we frame it and use it cleverly. We can begin by increasing the public estate in urban areas
to provide for ecosystem rehabilitation and expansion, while creating
better environments for its
human inhabitants. This can be achieved in ways that are compatible with the economic priority of
maximizing rentable spaces. So improving the ecological and human health of cities need not entail
the geographic expansion of urban areas as a whole.
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