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How are urban systems ‘open’ and why is design better suited for this?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

How are urban systems ‘open’ and why is design better suited for this?
Cities are fully dependent on their wider region and nature itself. They are not closed systems, or 
‘islands in themselves’. Yet due to our reductionist intellectual heritage, most policy and planning 
initiatives still treat urban and rural areas in isolation. We still design urban systems as if their design 
does not affect rural areas and vice versa. Both urban and regional developments have externalized 
negative impacts on the other. What goes around comes around. For instance, urban construction 
waste contains toxic materials that leach from rural landfills (or via floods) into water systems. These 
eventually re-visit urban residents in the form of polluted water. Conversely, expensive and toxic 
agricultural chemicals drain into soils and rivers causing, for example, the excessive growth of algae.
These chemicals, over time, damage the region’s farm productivity as well as its ecological productivity.
They also make cities more ‘import dependent’ for their food supplies. Consolidation proposals tend 
to assume impacts will be reduced if cities occupy less space, even though they still use their regions 
as ‘sources and sinks’. We have said that sustainability requires cities to reimburse and support their 
bioregions. Only systems re-design can do this. Positive environmental flows can be increased (and 
adverse flows reduced) by better urban design, not by reductionist analyses alone.
Can’t reductionist analyses treat cities and regions as open systems?
If so, it has apparently not happened yet. The process of creating synergistic and symbiotic relationships 
between urban and rural areas could start by examining environmental flows through a whole region.
However, we also need to go well beyond the present reductionist preoccupation with energy flows.
Energy is fundamental, but it cannot capture the essence of things like space, life quality and living 
ecosystems. We tend to reduce everything to energy. For example, we see space in negative terms 
as something that just consumes or wastes energy. Therefore, we try to minimize and zone spaces in 
buildings and urban areas to reduce ‘wasted’ space. This is similar to the view that river water allowed 
to flow to the sea, rather than used for production, is ‘wasted’. However, it is public space, not small 
computer-filled cubicles, that creates the ‘human energy’ and social vitality of cities. To increase 
the social and natural functions of cities, then, we need to increase the indoor and outdoor space 
for natural systems – not reduce it. Space does not cost extra, or use much embodied or operating 
energy, if we frame it and use it cleverly. We can begin by increasing the public estate in urban areas 
to provide for ecosystem rehabilitation and expansion, while creating
 
better environments for its 
human inhabitants. This can be achieved in ways that are compatible with the economic priority of 
maximizing rentable spaces. So improving the ecological and human health of cities need not entail 
the geographic expansion of urban areas as a whole.

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