Just what is resource autonomy and how do we achieve this?
Resource autonomous homes and buildings are possible, as Robert and Brenda Vale and others have
demonstrated.
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Resource autonomous buildings are those that do not require off-site sources of
water or energy. They treat any unavoidable pollution or waste on-site, and use environmentally-
friendly, healthy materials (eg rammed earth instead of fired brick). However, resource autonomous
homes generally just aim to produce more energy than they consume, as opposed to making a
positive contribution to the ecology. Some resource autonomous homes could constitute Positive
Development if they also created significant positive off-site and/or on-site ecological and social gains.
Due to undeveloped land area on suburban blocks, there is space for individualized, low-tech, site-
specific eco-retrofitting solutions like sunspaces and conservatories, garden composting, rainwater
collection systems, plants to clean the air and composting toilets.
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Existing suburbs also have adequate
space for immediate action to generate positive impacts, such as water and soil remediation for nearby
land, or more extensive biodiversity habitats on the site than existed before development. Yet there
has been virtually no attempt to increase the ecology in the suburbs. Also, most green design has been
at the building scale. There has been less effort at greening whole neighbourhoods. Eco-sanitation
systems, like wetlands or Living Machines, are usually most practical at the neighbourhood scale,
as such systems require ongoing and reliable management. Merely increasing residential density
with green buildings could preclude land uses that provide eco-services beyond the needs of the
individual homes.
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What is the investment potential of retrofitting domestic construction?
Retrofitting can be achieved at no cost to owners, and at a profit to contractors. Mere improvements
to the existing housing stock with ‘off-the-shelf’ technology could reduce annual energy consumption
dramatically. A 90 per cent reduction in home energy costs is possible through good design.
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Let
us assume a 30 per cent reduction in energy usage for half of the detached dwellings in a town of,
say, 50,000. A residential retrofit programme could save/earn the town several million dollars a year.
Therefore the costs of retrofitting could be recouped from home energy savings over, say, 10 to 20
years.
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Refurbishments are needed as the housing stock ages anyway. Retrofitting could increase
the longevity of the housing stock, as we saw in the case of urban buildings. While it may be easier
to build new energy-efficient homes, we must include the environmental impacts of construction
and demolition, not just operation. About 44 per cent of landfill in some areas is composed of
construction and demolition waste (the amount varies by region), and most construction waste
still has toxic components. In 2005, the UK initiated a programme to increase the demolition of
homes from 20,000 to 80,000 per year in order to replace them with more energy-efficient buildings.
The added pollution, resource flows and waste that this demolition and replacement activity entails
should be deducted – not to mention the ecological waste [Chapter 4]. These new buildings are
not ecologically sustainable, only energy-efficient, and therefore occupy space, use funds and entail
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The Case for Eco-retrofitting
‘opportunity costs’ (ie lost opportunities). The up-front investment in new buildings could instead
be used to retrofit far more buildings far more quickly, while retaining a sense of community and
place.
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