361
Notes
32 In the ACT, for example, $18 million of the $70 million spent on the bus system was recouped
through fares.
33 See www.earthtrack.net for further information on perverse subsidies.
34 For example, an average household produces 15 tons of greenhouse gas each year. The residential
sector in Canberra accounts for over 46 per cent of Canberra’s greenhouse gas emissions, while
transport fuels account for 26 per cent: Office of Sustainability (2006)
Avoid, Abate, Adapt: A
Discussion Paper for an ACT Climate Change Strategy
, ACT Office of Sustainability, Canberra,
Australia, March, p16.
35 See Troy, P. (1996)
Perils of Urban Consolidation
, Federation Press, Annandale, NSW, Australia.
36 See Odum, H. T. (1981)
Energy Basis for Man and Nature
, McGraw Hill, New York, NY; Odum,
H. T. (1971),
Environment, Power and Society
, John Wiley, Hoboken, NJ.
37 Halweil, B. and D. Neirenberg (2007) ‘Farming the cities’, in
State of the World 2007: Our Urban
Future
, World Watch Institute, Washington, DC.
38 Romm, J. (2005)
The Hype about Hydrogen: Fact and Fiction in the Race to Save the Planet
, Island
Press, Washington, DC.
39 Birkeland, J. (2002) ‘Construction ecology’, in
Design for Sustainability: A Sourcebook of Integrated
Eco-logical Solutions
, Earthscan, London, pp64–68.
40 Half of the energy goes into building as a general rule.
41 Brylawski, M. and Rocky Mountain Institute (2002) ‘The “hypercar” concept’, in J. Birkeland (ed),
Design for Sustainability: A Sourcebook of Integrated Eco-logical Solutions
, Earthscan, London,
p163
42 Hoyle, C. and P. Downton (2002) ‘From sub-urbanism to eco-cities’, in J. Birkeland (ed)
Design for
Sustainability: A Sourcebook of Integrated Eco-logical Solutions
, Earthscan, London, pp164–167.
43 The public cost of cars in the US, for example, was calculated at $464 billion annually (medical
costs, road maintenance, etc).
44
See Trust for Public Land, www.tpl.org/.
45 See Holmgren, D. (2002)
Permaculture: Principles and Pathways Beyond Sustainability
, Holmgren
Design Services, Hepburn, VIC, Australia; Mollison, B. (1996)
Permaculture: A Designers’ Manual
(fifth edition), Tagari Publications, Tyalgum, NSW, Australia. For an excerpt, see Mollison,
B. (2002) ‘Permaculture: Functional analysis of the chicken’, in J. Birkeland (ed)
Design for
Sustainability: A Sourcebook of Integrated Eco-logical Solutions
, Earthscan, London, p172.
46 Lovegrove, K., A. Luzzi, I. Soldiani and H. Kreetz (2001)
Developing Ammonia-Based
Thermochemical Energy-Storage for Dish Power Plants
, Centre for Sustainable Energy Systems,
Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
47 The SunBall is a solar collector for homes that refracts the sunlight through a wide lens onto solar
cells. The circular hemispherical design also tracks the sun. See www.abc.net.au/tv/newinventors/
txt/s1487858.htm.
48 Franklin, E. and A. Blakers (no date)
Sliver® Cells for Concentrator Systems
, Centre for Sustainable
Energy Systems, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia, solar.anu.edu.
au/level_1/pubs/papers/sliver_concentrators.pdf.
49 Scheer, H. (2004)
The Solar Economy
, Earthscan, London.
50 Fibre-optic lighting can send light into a building: www.fiber-optics.info/fiber-history.htm.
51 The Twin Towers were arguably not designed well for such contingencies as extreme fire. See for
example www.civil.usyd.edu.au/wtc.shtml.
52 See New Inventors at www.abc.net.au/tv/newinventors/txt/s1699340.htm.
53 Birkeland, J. (2002) ‘Urban forms and the dominant paradigm’, in
Design for Sustainability: A
Sourcebook of Integrated Eco-logical Solutions
, Earthscan, London, pp114–117.
362
Positive
Development
54 Birkeland, J. (1995) ‘A critique of ecological architecture’, in
Protecting the Future – ESD in Action
,
University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia, 7 December, pp397–402.
55 Davidson, S. (2002) ‘Marketing-led design’, in J. Birkeland (ed)
Design for Sustainability: A
Sourcebook of Integrated Eco-logical Solutions
, Earthscan, London, pp125–128.
56 Marmot, M. (2004)
Status Syndrome:
How Your Social Standing Directly Affects Your Health and
Life Expectancy
, Bloomsbury and Henry Holt, New York.
57 Meltzer, G. (2002) ‘ESD and sense of community’, in J. Birkeland (ed)
Design for Sustainability:
A Sourcebook of Integrated Eco-logical Solutions
, Earthscan, London, pp134–137.
58 Jenks, M., E. Burton and K. Williams (eds) (1996)
The Compact City: A Sustainable Urban Form
?,
E&FN Spon, London and Melbourne.
59
See books by Ken Yeang, including Yeang, K. (1999)
The Green Skyscraper: The Basis for Designing
Sustainable Intensive Buildings
, Prestel Verlag, Munich, Germany.
60 In the San Francisco Department of City Planning, for example, we ‘encouraged’ green roofs on
new buildings.
61 Hirst, A. (2002) ‘Urban forms and the dominant paradigm’, in J. Birkeland (ed)
Design for
Sustainability: A Sourcebook of Integrated Eco-logical Solutions
, Earthscan, London, pp95–98.
62 Some scientists have argued for greater interactions among researchers, managers and decision-
makers, which also requires cultural change among ecologists. See Palmer et al (2005) ‘Ecological
science and sustainability for the 21st century’,
Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
, vol 3,
no 1, pp4–11.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
