‘This is a wonderful book that should be on the desk of every architect and planner. It shows how


What would qualify as zero waste and/or sustainable design then?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

What would qualify as zero waste and/or sustainable design then?
‘True zero waste’ would be where all waste generated in the supply chain was prevented or reused, 
not just ‘zero waste to landfill’ [Chapter 4]. Similarly, Carbon neutrality would be where total CO
2
emissions were at pre-industrial levels. But even true zero waste would not qualify as sustainable.
To be truly sustainable, cities must (among many other things) increase nature’s immune system 
and self-healing abilities. We need to increase the Earth’s ecological health, habitats and carrying 
capacity – simply to accommodate existing development and population levels, let alone to protect 
our life-support systems for the future. We also need to re-design existing development to correct 


14
Positive Development
or compensate for the past legacy of inequitable resource transfers. In reality, this can only happen 
if it does not disturb special interests. That is, the redistribution of resources would have to be 
achieved in ways that do not threaten anyone’s interests. Logically, then, development must make 
everyone better off (including the rich). We can only achieve this if development 
expands 
and 
enhances the ecological base and public estate. In other words, to be ecologically sustainable, cities 
and buildings must proactively heal the rifts between rich and poor, and between humans and nature.
Fortunately, the physical 
and
ecological footprint of urban areas can be reduced substantially. Perhaps 
even our remnant wilderness areas could ultimately be spared if we were to ‘re-naturalize’ our built 
environment.
Wouldn’t it be easier to just lock up natural areas than to re-design cities?
We cannot protect ecologically sensitive environments or endangered species by putting a fence around 
wilderness areas. Even now, in Australia, a political party has formed around the goal of greater access 
to protected environments for ‘recreation’. Global warming, ‘feral’ or invasive species, pollution, and 
other unpredictable biological or climatic shocks are reducing the prospects for nature’s evolutionary 
forces to recover and replenish themselves.
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Further, in the context of the resource demands of 
a growing global population, locking away resources may be physically and politically impossible 
anyway. Given the increasing numbers of impoverished and displaced peoples, it may also be morally 
indefensible. In Australia, for example, we have locked up many political and environmental refugees 
behind barbed wire – and for years – in what are euphemistically called ‘detention centres’. Again, 
this is the philosophy of reward and punishment, and not a positive approach to problem solving.
Realistically, wilderness and ‘rurban’ areas (urban and rural areas considered together) can no longer 
be regarded as isolated systems [Chapter 8]. To expand the ecological base will require that rurban 
development be re-conceived as one symbiotic system. Instead, our cities and buildings are, at 
best, ‘machines’ for living: an artificial reality that alienates humans from nature. Design for eco-
services implies ‘gardens for living’ that 
re-couple
humans and nature, while 
de-coupling
negative 
environmental impacts from economic development. This requires a new design paradigm.

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