What is wrong with a standardized approach to passive solar design?
Good design is always ‘site-specific’ as each ecosystem and microclimate, and each urban site and
context, is biophysically unique. However, textbook passive solar templates are often superimposed
on different sites and situations. This results from many causes, such as a lack of imagination, time
pressures, the demands of industrialized construction systems, and so on. But another reason for
the ‘one size fits all’ approach is the international style of architecture that grew out of the Bauhaus.
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This ‘International Style’ has been credited by some for the ‘mutually assured destruction’ between
modern buildings and the environment in the 20th century. Although some early proponents of
the movement were conservationists, many of their disciples were more frugal with forms than with
natural resources. The tacit belief that ‘ideal forms’ can be applied across the board infected the
dominant approach to energy-efficient design.
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As a result, green building has sometimes been taught
as if it were a ‘style’, composed of certain kinds of hard-edged forms and features. The countervailing
approach to the ‘nuts and bolts’ or technocratic style – the ‘nuts and berries’ or hippy style – in
contrast, stererotyped passive solar design as ‘mud brick igloos’.
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Was this because the ‘International Style’ was what consumers wanted?
Consumers, or future building users, are seldom really asked. They are just given ‘choices’ among
existing norms. Further, there are few options for them to choose from. (There are exceptions, of
course, such as the ‘organic’ ING building, which was the outcome of user participation in design.
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)
It is widely assumed that most consumers either want their home to look like all the others on the
block, or to look stunningly different. Of course, passive solar design could meet either aim. However,
fashionable and passive solar design have tended to be seen as mutually exclusive. Standardized passive
solar design strategies, while climate-sensitive, often work against local ecosystems and cultures in the
same way that the International Style failed to respect regional cultural traditions.
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There are passive
solar design templates for each climatic zone that are optimal from an energy-efficiency standpoint.
However, these templates seldom respect the site’s ecosystems and biodiversity. Design templates work
against the exploration of creative, site-specific solutions that would, for example, provide habitats
for native flora and fauna. As a case in point, ‘slab on ground’ construction is often considered the
‘bottom line’ in temperate climates in Australia – regardless of the site, slope, landscape, biodiversity
or soil productivity. But if we valued the soil as necessary to our survival, we would hesitate to bury
it alive. We could instead consider having vertical thermal mass in walls to allow the Earth and its
micro-organisms to breathe, absorb runoff, grow plants and produce soil, and just ‘be’.
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Adequate
insulation for ground floors can be made from recycled styrofoam, strawbale, and so on.
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