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Don’t we include the value of eco-services in environmental valuation?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

Don’t we include the value of eco-services in environmental valuation?
Sometimes. But economists have considered eco-services in a non-ecological, anthropocentric way.
Moreover, economists’ tools 
discount
the future to compensate for inflation and the fact that people 
are generally willing to pay more for something now than for something they can only enjoy in the 
future. In a ‘legitimate’ sustainability assessment, we would need to count the ecological damage (and 
hopefully ecological enhancement) in real time – not discount it. The idea of an ‘ecological factor’ 
(the opposite of a discount rate) has been suggested by some to take into account the fact that society 
will increasingly value the natural environment as it becomes more scarce. This, of course, would be 
a fairly arbitrary (market determined) number, however, as it could not reflect the reality of 
unknown
ecological thresholds. So even if an ecological factor were used in sustainability assessments, it would 
not have meaning in an ecological context [Boxes 42 and 43]. The concept of ecological waste, in 
contrast, provides a means of measuring the relative depletion of the ecological base over time. To 
begin to reverse the downward ecological spiral, we also need to weigh in the costs of inaction, which 
is in fact negative – not neutral. But we also need to value positive impacts. We could measure and 
reward design for development that 
adds
value
to natural systems or surrounding development. 
If ecological waste measures negatives, how do we measure positives?
It would actually be easier to measure positive impacts than negative ones. Environmental 
management has focused on quantifying the unquantifiable: negative impacts in a complex system.
But the fact that complex systems cannot be predicted or measured is what makes them ‘complex 
systems’. And even if it were possible, the measurement of complex systems would be too costly and 
unreliable, because we would have to trace all interactions between the environment and humans 
and their imprint on an unpredictable future. Consider, for example, the synergistic effects between 
immune systems and toxins over time. These complex relationships can change unpredictably due 
to exogenous forces and variables. There can also be interactions between immune systems and the 
(roughly 1000) new chemicals that are added to the environment each year without testing. On 
the other hand, when we 
add value
to the ecological base, we do not have to trace things through 
permutations. There is no reason to trace health ‘improvements’ in the air, water, soil and people.
We need only be certain that conditions will be better than before, and that we do not use chemicals 
or components with unknown or irreversible effects. That is to say, we do not need to estimate 
interactions with impaired immune systems if we are not contributing to further impairment. The 
issue therefore becomes ‘which net Positive Development projects should the public (or private) 
sector invest in for best overall results?’ [Chapter 14].

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