Don’t we include the value of eco-services in environmental valuation?
Sometimes. But economists have considered eco-services in a non-ecological, anthropocentric way.
Moreover, economists’ tools
discount
the future to compensate for inflation and the fact that people
are generally willing to pay more for something now than for something they can only enjoy in the
future. In a ‘legitimate’ sustainability assessment, we would need to count the ecological damage (and
hopefully ecological enhancement) in real time – not discount it. The idea of an ‘ecological factor’
(the opposite of a discount rate) has been suggested by some to take into account the fact that society
will increasingly value the natural environment as it becomes more scarce. This, of course, would be
a fairly arbitrary (market determined) number, however, as it could not reflect the reality of
unknown
ecological thresholds. So even if an ecological factor were used in sustainability assessments, it would
not have meaning in an ecological context [Boxes 42 and 43]. The concept of ecological waste, in
contrast, provides a means of measuring the relative depletion of the ecological base over time. To
begin to reverse the downward ecological spiral, we also need to weigh in the costs of inaction, which
is in fact negative – not neutral. But we also need to value positive impacts. We could measure and
reward design for development that
adds
value
to natural systems or surrounding development.
If ecological waste measures negatives, how do we measure positives?
It would actually be easier to measure positive impacts than negative ones. Environmental
management has focused on quantifying the unquantifiable: negative impacts in a complex system.
But the fact that complex systems cannot be predicted or measured is what makes them ‘complex
systems’. And even if it were possible, the measurement of complex systems would be too costly and
unreliable, because we would have to trace all interactions between the environment and humans
and their imprint on an unpredictable future. Consider, for example, the synergistic effects between
immune systems and toxins over time. These complex relationships can change unpredictably due
to exogenous forces and variables. There can also be interactions between immune systems and the
(roughly 1000) new chemicals that are added to the environment each year without testing. On
the other hand, when we
add value
to the ecological base, we do not have to trace things through
permutations. There is no reason to trace health ‘improvements’ in the air, water, soil and people.
We need only be certain that conditions will be better than before, and that we do not use chemicals
or components with unknown or irreversible effects. That is to say, we do not need to estimate
interactions with impaired immune systems if we are not contributing to further impairment. The
issue therefore becomes ‘which net Positive Development projects should the public (or private)
sector invest in for best overall results?’ [Chapter 14].
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