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What does the second step – ecological waste analysis – entail?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

What does the second step – ecological waste analysis – entail?
Step 2 addresses the need for new ways of understanding, assessing and measuring waste. As a society
we undervalue nature’s tangible ‘products’ that provide the means of survival, such as energy, water, 
space, soil, materials and amenity. But we also undervalue biodiversity and ecosystems – or nature 
for its own sake. Since, as a society, we do not value nature as a living ecosystem, we do not seriously 
consider waste at the ecological level.
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If nature is just a resource, more efficient use is all that matters.
Instead of supporting ecosystems, biodiversity and habitats, our methods aim only to reduce pressure 
on the environment in general. So when we assess environmental impacts, it is in terms of inputs 
of raw materials or outputs of pollution. In life-cycle assessments, again, we add in numbers (often 
based on the values of experts) to represent negative impacts during resource extraction, demolition 
and final disposal. However, we seldom, if ever, take into account the time and space needed to 
restore the ecology. To design for ecological health and resilience, we need to consider what we can 
call ‘ecological waste’. Ecological waste is the loss of ecosystems and encompasses the space, time 
and cost of replacing them. For example, we would consider the whole forest ecosystem, not just the 
biomass. Ecological waste (a negative measure) could be seen as the converse of ecological space (a 
positive measure). We can identify three different levels of thinking about designed waste in the built 
environment. These are illustrated in the following sections by timber, trees and forests.


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Development Standards and Criteria
1 MFA and LCA
‘Material flows’ analysis (MFA) and/or life-cycle analysis (LCA), applied to waste, would aim to reduce 
the amount of timber going to landfill or discarded prematurely. Such a best practice approach would 
consider cumulative waste and efficiency in extraction, production, delivery and construction, and/or 
the longevity of the product. MFA has an advantage over tools based on LCA for these purposes, 
because adding in a value to represent the loss of a natural resource in input–output equations treats 
waste as a mere ‘externality’. Such losses and impacts need to be seen as intrinsic to the design, which 
is better expressed by MFA. However, tracing the material flows in the timber supply chain does not 
usually consider the element of 
time
: the product life-cycle and the life-cycle of the tree.

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