Think Again

“Arrogance is ignorance plus conviction”
: Tim Urban, “The Thinking Ladder,” Wait but Why
(blog), September 27, 2019, 
waitbutwhy.com/2019/09/thinking-ladder.html
.

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that’s distinct from how much you believe in your methods
: Dov Eden, “Means Efficacy:
External Sources of General and Specific Subjective Efficacy,” in Work Motivation in the Context
of a Globalizing Economy, ed. Miriam Erez, Uwe Kleinbeck, and Henk Thierry (Mahwah, NJ:
Erlbaum, 2001); Dov Eden et al., “Augmenting Means Efficacy to Boost Performance: Two Field
Experiments,” Journal of Management 36 (2008): 687–713.
Spanx founder Sara Blakely
: Personal interview with Sara Blakely, September 12, 2019; see also
Clare O’Connor, “How Sara Blakely of Spanx Turned $5,000 into $1 Billion,” Forbes, March 26,
2012, 
www.forbes.com/global/2012/0326/billionaires-12-feature-united-states-spanx-sara-
blakely-american-booty.html
; “How Spanx Got Started,” Inc., January 20, 2012,
www.inc.com/sara-blakely/how-sara-blakley-started-spanx.html
.
Confident humility can be taught
: Tenelle Porter, “The Benefits of Admitting When You Don’t
Know,” Behavioral Scientist, April 30, 2018, 
behavioralscientist.org/the-benefits-of-admitting-
when-you-dont-know
.
In college and graduate school
: Thomas Gatzka and Benedikt Hell, “Openness and PostSecondary
Academic Performance: A Meta-analysis of Facet-, Aspect-, and Dimension-Level Correlations,”
Journal of Educational Psychology 110 (2018): 355–77.
In high school
: Tenelle Porter et al., “Intellectual Humility Predicts Mastery Behaviors When
Learning,” Learning and Individual Differences 80 (2020): 101888.