Think Again

Achieving excellence in school
: Adam Grant, “What Straight-A Students Get Wrong,” New York
Times, December 8, 2018, 
www.nytimes.com/2018/12/08/opinion/college-gpa-career-
success.html
.
the most creative ones graduated
: Donald W. Mackinnon, “The Nature and Nurture of Creative
Talent,” American Psychologist 17 (1962): 484–95.
“Valedictorians aren’t likely”
: Karen Arnold, Lives of Promise: What Becomes of High School
Valedictorians (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1995).
Dear Penn Freshmen
: Mike Kaiser, “This Wharton Senior’s Letter Writing Project Gets Global
Attention,” Wharton School, February 17, 2016, 
www.wharton.upenn.edu/story/wharton-seniors-
letter-writing-project-gets-global-attention
.
one of the best ways to learn is to teach
: Aloysius Wei Lun Koh, Sze Chi Lee, and Stephen Wee
Hun Lim, “The Learning Benefits of Teaching: A Retrieval Practice Hypothesis,” Applied
Cognitive Psychology 32 (2018): 401–10; Logan Fiorella and Richard E. Mayer, “The Relative
Benefits of Learning by Teaching and Teaching Expectancy,” Contemporary Educational
Psychology 38 (2013): 281–88; Robert B. Zajonc and Patricia R. Mullally, “Birth Order:
Reconciling Conflicting Effects,” American Psychologist 52 (1997): 685–99; Peter A. Cohen,
James A. Kulik, and Chen-Lin C. Kulik, “Educational Outcomes of Tutoring: A Meta-analysis of
Findings,” American Educational Research Journal 19 (1982): 237–48.
an ethic of excellence
: Personal interview with Ron Berger, October 29, 2019; Ron Berger, An Ethic
of Excellence: Building a Culture of Craftsmanship with Students (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann,
2003); Ron Berger, Leah Rugen, and Libby Woodfin, Leaders of Their Own Learning:
Transforming Schools through Student-Engaged Assessment (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2014).