SEM micrographs at tensile fracture surfaces observed at 1250 kV with a magnification of 1000
(A) Water vapor permeability and (B) oxygen permeability of different TPS blown films as mentioned in
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 188 (2021) 290–299
298
TPS films showed a tendency of OP increment as a function of
plasticizer content (
Fig. 6
B). This is attributed to the elevated mobility of
the starch chain allowing more oxygen to pass through, or in other
words, resulting in the decreased oxygen resistance of TPS film
[36]
.
3.10. Water contact angle
The surface wettability of TPS films was determined by water contact
angle measurement.
Fig. 7
shows that G films possessed the initial water
contact angle, recorded soon after dropping water, in the range of
54.4
–
64.8
◦
(
Fig. 7
a-c), while GX and GS films exhibited lower initial
water contact angles in the ranges of 48.2
–
63.7
◦
(
Fig. 7
d-f) and
43.4
–
49.2
◦
(
Fig. 7
g-h), respectively. The water contact angle of all TPS
films decreased as a function of time, implying increased water ab-
sorption; however, the rate of water contact angle reduction or water
absorption was not much different across all films. In addition, the water
contact angle of TPS decreased with increasing the molecular size and
concentration of the plasticizer. The results indicate that adding larger-
molecular-sized plasticizers increases the wettability, or reduces surface
hydrophobicity, of the TPS films. This finding does not support the WVP
result. It is possible that the plasticizers with relatively larger molecular
sizes, i.e. xylitol and sorbitol, have poorer ability to penetrate starch
matrix than the smaller-sized glycerol, resulting in more xylitol and
sorbitol remaining on the surfaces of TPS films. This led to higher water
absorption at the TPS film surfaces. Juansang, Puttanlek, Rungsard-
thong, Puncha-Arnon, Jiranuntakul and Uttapap
[11]
have also proved
that large-sized plasticizers such as sorbitol and xylitol display a poorer
ability to penetrate starch granules, while smaller-sized plasticizers such
as glycerol and propylene glycol can be distributed in starch granules
and thus have more chance to plasticize starch molecules. The affinity of
starch and plasticizers was also confirmed by the calculated distances of
Hansen solubility parameters (R
a
). Here, R
a
values for starch-glycerol,
starch-xylitol, and starch-sorbitol systems were 27.43 MPa
1/2
, 30.91
MPa
1/2
, and 29.81 MPa
1/2
, respectively. The result suggested that the
starch-glycerol system had greater affinity than those of starch-xylitol
and starch-sorbitol systems. In addition, Juansang, Puttanlek, Run-
gsardthong, Puncha-Arnon, Jiranuntakul and Uttapap
[11]
also found
that glycerol possessed the highest number of OH groups inside starch
granules (28.97 mmol/100 g starch), while those of xylitol (13.75
mmol/100 g starch) and sorbitol (10.09 mmol/100 g starch) were lower.
The reduction of water contact angle of TPS when increasing plasticizer
content is due to the increased number of hydrophilic-OH functional
groups on the film surfaces and the increased free volume of the matrix.
It is noteworthy that although glycerol provided TPS with better
extrusion processability and melt flowability, and greater T
g
reduction
of starch, in comparison with xylitol and sorbitol, its increased starch
chain mobility caused negative effects on mechanical and barrier
properties. Thus, appropriate plasticizers should be considered from all
performance aspects.
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