Theory of Translation 1 Introduction


 Sociolinguistic Base of Translation



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08 chapter 2

2.13.3 Sociolinguistic Base of Translation 
The structural and semantic theories deal with the form of language. Language is also 
described as a social and cultural product and is defined as what the members of a 
particular society speak. It means that language is also influenced by social aspects. 
The role of social ecology is significant to determine the ‘shifts’ in translation, as the 
meaning of an utterance does not depend entirely on its form alone. It also depends 
on its function in a social and cultural setting. The meaning of what is said depends on 
who says it to whom, when and with what effect. That is, the context of situation in 
which an utterance is said is very crucial in deciding the overall meaning of the 
utterance. 
2.13.3.1 Austin’s Speech Act Theory 
J. L. Austin, in his book published posthumously ‘
How to Do Things with Words
’ 
(1962), proposed the ‘speech act theory’. In his opinion, we perform certain actions 
while speaking. That is to say, “the uttering of the sentence is, or is part of, the doing 
of an action” (p. 5) or “speaking a language is making statements, giving commands, 
asking questions, making promises, and so on”, and the action performed by 
producing an utterance will consist of three related acts: the locutionary, illocutionary 
and perlocutionary speech acts. A locutionary act is “uttering a sentence with a certain 
sense and reference” (p. 108). A locutionary act is the basic act of the utterance or the 
phonetic act. It is a production of meaningful linguistic expression. It is the literal or 
dictionary meaning of all the words put together. 
Austin made a distinction between sense and force. Sense is the conceptual context or 
logical meaning of a sentence. Austin calls it as ‘the illocutionary meaning’. ‘Force’ is 
the act performed in uttering a sentence, it is performative meaning. Austin calls it 
‘illocutionary force’. It is illustrated below: 
Give me the pen, please. Sentence form: Imperative 
Sense: Giving the pen 
Force: Request 


80 
‘The perlocutionary act’ implies the change in the mind of the hearer; hence, it is 
under the control of the hearer. An utterance is made with certain intention to have an 
effect. This is known as the perlocutionary effect. When the listener moves or acts in 
accordance with the intention of the speaker, the perlocutionary effect is said to be 
achieved. The theory of ‘sense’ of an utterance and the ‘force’ of the ‘act’ performed 
during the action is much significant in the act. A literary translator has to consider 
these aspects of meaning implicit in the context of situation before text-analysis. 

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