Theory and practice of translation

Lexical transformations.
Lexical transformations: general considerations.
In order to attain equivalence, despite the differences in formal and semantic systems of two languages, the translator is obliged to do various linguistic transformations. Their tasks are to ensure that the text imparts all the knowledge inferred in the original text, without violating the rules of the language it is translated into.
The following three types are considered to be the most suitable for describing all kinds of lexical transformations:

1. 
   1. Lexical substitution;
   
2. 
   2. Addition (supplementation);
   
3. 
   3. Omission (dropping).
   
4. 
   I. Lexical transformations.
   

1. 
   Supplementation (Addition)
   

2. Omission (dropping).
3. Equivalence in translation


I. Addition (supplementation).
A formal inexpressibility of semantic components is the reason most met with for using supplementation as a way of lexical transformation. A formal inexpressibility of certain semantic components is typical of English word combinations N + N and Adj + N
Pay claim – Иш хакини ошириш талаби. Требование повысить заработную плату;
Tea strike – Забастовка производителей чая.


2. Omission (dropping).
Some lexical elements of the English sentence may be regarded as redundant from the point of view of translation as they are not consonant with the norms and usage of the other language.
In the process of omission, words with a surplus meaning are omitted (components of typically English pair–synonyms, possessive pronouns and exact measures) in order to give a more concrete expressions.
E.g.: To raise one's eyebrows - Ялт этиб карамок; поднять брови (в знак изумления).
He leapt to his feet – У сакраб турди. Он вскочил;
The proposal was rejected and refuted – Таклиф рад этилди. Предложение было отвергнуто (отклонено);
The dog sniffed every inch of the ground – Ит ҳамма жойни ҳиллаб чиқди. Собака обнюхала все.