Theoretical study of lacunae and their specification

The main part. According to R. Sankaravelayutan, the lexical lacuna is a specific concept represents the absence of a lexicalized form. Scientist shows that lacunae occur in different languages ​​in the following three cases:

1) any word in the original language is directly in the language of translation when he does not find an alternative;

2) a word in the original language interacts with a word in the target language indistinguishable, that is, with the word phrase available in the translation language, and the phrase when given by a phrase;

3) concept of lexical units, i.e. word, compound word, word-form expression and in cases not coded by a phrase in the form of a phrase [6]⁶ Hence, in most studies, according to a second language phrase in language is explained as a non-lexemed word. In our opinion, always with a word in a language giving any concept that cannot be expressed through a phrase, the concepts that give rise to lacunarism can be expressed using different tools.

The term "lacuna" was defined by Canadian linguists, though, it has taken a firm place in Russian linguistics and translation studies. As a result, a special "lacunology" was formed in Russian linguistics field. However, a term belonging to the non-equivalent lexicon, in addition to words (reality, non-equivalent unit, etc.) also belongs to the lacuna many linguistic categories, terms, and concepts emerged. A number of scientific works in generalized, annotated and analytical forms are considerable increased in the study of lacunae..

A Russian linguist who has done effective work in the field of lacunology scholar G.V. Bikova defines this concept as follows: “Lacuna - the material in the form of a lexeme is not embodied, but of the concept objective realization at the syntactic level with a communicative requirement is a virtual lexical essence.”[7]⁷. From this definition, the main features of the lacuna are “incoherent ”,“ syntactically objective ”,“ virtual lexical essence ”. Identification of lacunae and in the study of the problems of their elimination were observed mainly in the present. Also, G.V.Bikova and O.B.Pilaeva is insufficiently studied and emphasized that the world that there are no uniform views on this phenomenon in linguistics are currently in the lexicon the hidden field (set of lacunae) [8]⁸. According to another linguist, VI Jelvis, “... lacunae are some while in languages ​​and cultures are manifested as ‘separation’, in others they are not referred to, i.e., there cannot be found their general reinforced expression ”[9]⁹. Linguist V.L.Muravyov says the following about the concept of "lacuna" writes: “... when we say lacuna, in the linguistic norms of a language at the level of speech in that language to be reinforced and delivered large-small periphrases formed - free phrases. We understand words (stable expressions) in a foreign language that express them” [10]¹⁰. Indeed, in the minds of most people, “to have some animal as a fun at home” a special word in the Uzbek language to express the concept of "pet animal" is not available. According to linguist LK Bayramova, an interlinguistic lacunar unit in other languages. a lacunar unit is a concept with zero correlation. Thus, the lacunar unit is specific to a language (conditionally a language) and lacuna - another language (conditionally B) language). Lacunar unit and lacunar phenomenon are a component category. So lacunar is lacunar unit (in language A) a category consisting of units and (in B language) lacunae [11]¹¹. Putting a boundary between the concepts of lacunar unit and lacuna in the analysis to avoid confusion Russian linguists I.A.Sternin, Z.D.Popova, M.A.Sternina’s works are remarkable. According to them the phrase “lacunar unit” is replaced by "non-equivalent unit" with the expression. “Unequal unity exists in one language is a unit that exists but is not found in the second language. Lacuna is a language that a non-existent unit exists in another language.

Unequal units and lacunae always appear in “pairs”. If there is a lacuna in one language, it is equivalent to the language being compared the unit will be available or vice versa.

For the first time in Uzbek linguistics lacunae and their taxonomy the scientist Sh.R.Usmanova defines this concept as follows: “Lacuna (Latin lacuna "space, depth, hollow"; French lacune "space, space ”) is the domestic, cultural, social and historical life of a nation, social and historical life of any nation and alien to another nation, clearly in another language are words and phrases that have no alternative” [12]¹². The discrepancy between the images of the world in the minds of communicants interacting in a situation of intercultural communication is manifested in the explicit or hidden existence of lacunae. Morkovina describes gaps as "gaps on the 'semantic map' of the images of consciousness (communicants)." Intercultural lacunas do not turn into real status (that is, they do not begin to serve as a reason for misunderstanding) until a situation arises of comparing national images of consciousness (that is, in conditions of intercultural communication). Moreover, the real status of lacunae can have both explicit and latent manifestations. Gaps can manifest themselves as: linguistic, speech , text and cultural gaps [13]¹³.

In the process of intercultural dialogue, there is a mutual adaptation of the national consciousness of the carriers of the communicating cultures: “one's own” is correlated, combined and coordinated with the “alien”, which is apparently the only possible way to comprehend the “alien” image of the world. The path to mutual understanding, therefore, is carried out through the search for ways of correlating the “alien” with “ours”. There are 4 types of such a ratio: almost identical images (there is no gap), absolutely non-matching images (full gap), incompletely matching images (partial gap), similar images (compensated gap).

In the process of intercultural communication, fragments of verbal and non-verbal experience are exchanged. The choice of the method of adaptation of this fragment of experience is carried out under the influence of two main factors: 1. The purpose of transferring fragments of experience from one culture to another 2. The significance of the fragments of experience. Difficulties in understanding are largely due to psychological problems. Since the acquisition of new knowledge, comprehension of the “alien” through understanding the differences always requires serious efforts: to a certain extent, the recognition of the relativity of “one’s” as “normal”, “correct”, “natural”, necessary" and thinking about "alien", which is perceived as "wrong", "bad", "strange", "unnatural".

Within the framework of the idea of lacunae, the mutual adaptation of the national minds of the carriers of the cultures-communicators within the conditions of intercultural communication is that the seek for ways in which to mix and reconcile the “alien” with “ours”. That is, it will be thought-about as a development of elimination (destruction) of gaps. Elimination of gaps is dole out in 2 main opposite ways: by filling or by compensation. And it happens underneath the influence of socio-psychological mechanisms of interethnic interaction (depending on the goals of communication, the ethnopsycholinguistic profile of the communicants, the scale of the cultural distance, the genre of communication, the character of the gap. The preservation of the specificity (alienation) of the image of an overseas cultural consciousness once making an attempt to understand the very fact of its difference with “our” image, or the very fact of the absence of an identical image within the “native” consciousness happens once the gap is eliminated by filling. The essence of this system consists in an exceedingly a lot of or less elaborated clarification of the content of the image of somebody else's consciousness. The effectiveness of filling is because of the very fact that this methodology of eliminating gaps ends up in the event of recent information concerning associate unacquainted with culture, contributes to its understanding. Typological classification of lacunae. The problem of classifying lacunae in world linguistics is totally different views are offered, particularly, the Russian linguist Yu.S. Stepanov divides lacunae into absolute (absolute) and relative lacunae. In his opinion, absolute while not finding a word akin to a selected word within the lacuna translation happens. There are only a few words or word forms offered within the national language relative lacunae seem applied once.