Theoretical Grammar The subject-matter of theoretical grammar. Its relation to practical grammar

Теоретична фонетика

1. 
   The articulatory classification of the English vowels. (Класифікація англійських голосних за артикуляцією.)
   

the main principles of all current articulatory classifications of vow.
2 main principles of all currant articulatory classifications of vowels are based on the movements and positions of the tongue. In describing and classifying vowels the following parts of the tongue are referred to because of their great importance, as resonance modifiers:
1 the front of the tongue, which lays opposite the hard palate
2 the back of the tongue, which lays opposite the soft palate
3 the center of the tongue, which is the region where the front and the back meet.
The tip and blade of the tongue don’t play separate roles in vowel production. The complex movement of the tongue provides an articulatory bases for classifying vowels:
1) according to the horizontal movement of the tongue
2) according to the simultaneously vertical movements of the tongue
Articulatory and physiological classification of E vowels.
I The main effects of lip rounding on the shape of the mouth:
a) to enlarge the oral cavity b) to diminish the size of the oral cavity.
According to the position of the lips vowels are classified into:
a) rounded
b) unrounded.
The E. rounded vowels are: , , < o; o:>. The Russian vowels are protruded vowels –o, -y. The general pattern is that the front and open vowels are articulated with spread to neutral lip-position while back vowels have rounded lips.
II According to the position of the tongue. It can move forward and backward, it may be raised and low in the mouth cavity. Rus. scientists divide V. according to the
a)horizontal movements of the tongue.
b)vertical movements of the tongue.
a) When the bulk of the tongue moves backwards and the back part of the tongue is raised highest towards the hard palate, front V. are produced.
They are subdivided into:
- fully front –[i:,e,эе]
-front retracted втягивать [i]
In the production of centr. V. the tongue is almost flat. Central V. are [3:, ə, Λ].
b)According to the vertical movements of the tongue v. are subd-ed into:

• 
  high [I:, I, u:, u], Rus. [и, у, ы];
  

• 
  mid-open or half-open: [e, ə:, e(u), ə(a), ə], Rus. [э, о]
  

• 
  low-open: [Λ, эе, a(i), a(u), a:, о:, o(i)], Rus [a].
  

Each of the subclasses is subdiv. into V. of narrow variation, and v. of broad var-on:
- high narrow variation [i:],[u:]; Rus. [ы, и, у]
-high broad variation [i], [u]
- mid narrow variation [e, ə:, e(u)], Rus. [э]
- mid broad variation [eə, o: ə], Rus [o]
- law narrow var [Λ, o(i)]
-law broad variation [a:, o, эе, a(i), a(u)] Rus. [a]
The rus. [э] is on the boarderline between narrow and broad midvowels., [o] is on the boaderline between mid-open and open.