|
International Labor Migration
International Labor Migration(ILM) is the migration of people who have an ability to work physically or mentally, for making more profit or salary and more comfortable job moving from one country to another. International labor migration covers the whole world: both the development part and the underdeveloped periphery.
International migration of the population has played an increasingly significant role in the development of societies and has become a global process that covered almost all the continents and countries, as well as various social strata. The total number of international migrants increases continuously. International labor migration is one of the objective bases of becoming an integrated international system.
The international migration consists of the two basic interdependent processes: emigration and immigration. Emigration is a departure of labor from one country to another, immigration is the entrance of labor to the receiving country. Also as part of international flows of people distinguish remigration, which is the return of the labor to the country of emigration.
The international labor migration is caused by both factors of internal economic development of each separate country and external factors: a condition of the international economy as whole and economic relations between the countries. During the certain periods as motive forces of the international labor mobility could be the political, economic, military, religious, national, cultural, family and other social factors. The reasons of the international labor migration can be understood also only as concrete set of the named factors.
So,the international labor migration, first of all, is the form of movement concerning surplus population from one centre of accumulation of the capital toanother. It is the economic nature of labor migration. However in the international labor migration not only the unemployed, but also a part of the working population are involved. In this case, the driving motive of migration is the search of more favorable working conditions. The labor moves from the countries with a low standard of living and salaries to the countries with higher ones. So,an objective basis of labor migration is national distinctions in the level of wages.
The countries of immigration obtain following benefits:
a)In the country of skilled labor immigration, rates of growth of economy are accelerated: additional demand for the goods and services of immigrants stimulates growth of production and creates additional employment in the country of their stay;
b)There is the competitiveness increase of the goods made by the country owing to the reduction of the production costs connected with lower price of foreign labor and possibility to contain growth of a salary of local workers due to increased competition on a labor market;
c) The host country wins at the expense of the taxes which size depends on qualifying and age structure of immigrants. The highly skilled experts already knowing language of host country become large taxpayers at once;
d) The considerable income brings a transfer of knowledge from the emigration country.
The countries of emigration also obtain certain benefits:
a) Decrease in a rate of unemployment and, as consequence, - social pressure in the country;
b) Free labor training for countries of emigration like new professional skills, knowledge of high technology, the work management
c) Reception of incomes in hard currency as a result of remittances of emigrants.
Consequences of the international labor migration are various enough. They show up in the countries of emigration, as well as in the countries of immigration, bringing certain benefits and losses toboth parties. However, as analysis shows, there are more benefits obtaining by countries of immigration, and losses exceed benefits in countries of emigration. The world as a whole wins, as migration freedom allows people to move to the countries where they can bring more significant contribution to world production.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
