Theme: Contents and forms of International Economic Relations Xodjamqulov Shahboz. Mm-54i Questions: Introduction

I .The origin and development of International Economic relations
The term of International Economic Relations (IER) is not a word that has emerged in recent years, but it is an activity that has been evolving since ancient times. And this makes us to learn the origin of IER and why it became so important in the foreign economic relations of states.
The world economy has come a long and defficult way in its emergence and development. And there are some debates about when they had started developing. Some researches associate its emergence with the period of the Roman Empire. Because as you know, that times, this empire was very strong in all fields. Moreover, their economic and military potential were high. And they always tried to enhance thier power around the World by paying attention to the global relations. In doing so, researches regard the Roman Empire as the World economic system of the time and they think IER had emerged in this period.
But in other hand, other scholars link the period in which the World economy relations began to function to the fifteenth and sixteenth centures, that is, to the period of Great Geographical discoveries. It was these discoveries that led to the rapid developmentof International trade in precious atones, metals, sweets, and slaves. However, the World economy at that time was limited and was only an area where traders invested.As a result of Great Geographical discoveries, International Trade relations extended to other countries of the globe after Europa and Asia. Trade between regions has created a Global Market. These relations have further expanded with the development of transportation. Because see transport has made it possible to unite all continents. And It was a reason of developing IER.
Moreover, In the second half of the 20th century, The construction of large-scale railways and the rapid development of maritime transport connected land and continents and ensured the formation of World Trade and Economic Relations. And as a result of long historical processes, the World Economy and IER was formed in the early 20th century. During this period, Market relations with the decisiveness of the capitalist mode of production became an integral factorin the development of any country. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a group of large monopolistic states compeleted the process of enslaving many free countries in the World. Great colonial privileges emerged, and the world economy changed radically.
In particular, the role of the colonies in the colonized countries took on a different character. If in the 16th century the lands of small states served as a platform for goods to large states, in the 19th century, these great rulers became a platform not only for the sale of goods but also for the transportation of raw materials and labor. Large amounts of taxes were levied on the colonies, and their wealth was appropriated in various other ways. Thus, the conflict between the developed countries and the dependent countries became more and more intense, and World War I broke out to redistribute the World. But this war did not bring them much benefit as the capitalists though. On the contrary, large production structures have been hit hard and IER was strongly affected. The World Economy has fallen into a whirlpool of two opposing directions. There was a sharp break between the capitaalist economy based on a market economy on the other hand, and the socialist economy based on a planned economy on the other.And because of this, Great changes occured in the World Economy and in IER.
In the 20th century, International economic relations were characterized by their uneven development. For example, in 1913-1950, International Trade and Production development were very slowly increasing. Because the IER suffered huge material losses as a result of World wars I and II during these years, as well as, the protracted economic crises in developed capitalist countries. After the World wars, all the colonial states began to fight for their freedom. As a result, The new independent countries began to place greater emphasis on their economic activities. And then, new competitors began to emerge for the major powers, and these states began to strengthen their International Economic Relations. And all of it made the World economy rise.
This rise was interrupted by 1974, as a result of a sharp rise in oil prices on the International Market. The global “Oil Crisis” has led to profound structural changes in the economies of developed countries. This led to the creation of new industries in the 70s and 80s, which consumed less resources and were designed to make full use of intellectual potential.
1983-1990 was the period of the most steady growth in the World Economy and International relations. Therefore, countries are beginning to produce ready products rather than raw materials, At the same time, Products based on scientific and technical achievements from these countries are based on the supply of a very large amount to the World Market.
In those years, the radical qualitative changes in the economic development of the world’s leading countries and the intensification of changes in the structure and growth of the World Economy have determined the importance and development of International Economic Relations at the current stage.