THE PRAGMATICS OF IDIOLECT
Judging by mainstream solutions to problems of idiolectal meaning in translation,
we are inclined to think that, in comparison to other communicative variables,
features of idiolect are given fairly low priority by translators when dealing with
utterances such as those in
Sample 6.1
. As noted earlier, idiolectal meanings
have always been located on the periphery of language variation and domains
such as geographical or historical variation in language use have always proved
somehow more worthy of attention by dialectologists, linguists and, for that
matter, translators.
In the analysis and translation of variation in language use, the three aspects of
field, mode and tenor are usually given careful attention. Sometimes, however,
this may be based on a rather superficial conception of what, say, field of
discourse implies. Thus, notions such as subject matter, casual speech and so on,
which hardly capture the intricacies involved, tend to be at the top of the register
analyst’s checklist. The utterances in
Sample 6.1
above would be classified along
these lines and some vernacular form would be selected by the translator in the
hope that, not being a standard form of language use, the vernacular would take
care of the user and use dimensions of the source text (dialect, informality, etc.)
In looking at actual versions of Pygmalion in various languages, we soon
discover that our criticisms of translations which adopt monolithic solutions such
as Standard English=high variety and cockney=low variety are not justified in all
respects. In the case of the Arabic version, for example, the translator has
perceived the functionality of the tags, as can be seen from the following
REGISTER IN LITERARY TRANSLATING 87
summary of our findings in the case of the Arabic version as in
Figure 6.1
.
Figure 6.2
shows solutions adopted in some other translations of the play for the
problem represented by Ain’t no call to meddle with me, he ain’t.
Two points may be made about the translator’s attempt to preserve in Arabic
Eliza’s peculiar use of emphasis. First, although easy to overlook, the minutiae
of Eliza’s idiolectal use of tags have all been noticed and relayed. Second, some
form of dialect is opted for in rendering the entire performance of Eliza, a
decision which is not altogether inappropriate. The success of the translations
under study remains relative, however. A number of questions can be posed at
this stage regarding the translator’s text strategy. For example, did the translator
make a serious attempt at formally preserving the sense of recurrence by opting
for one and the same form to translate each instance (a)–(e) in
Sample 6.1
or
were variants preferred? And, whatever the option taken, is the ultimate effect
which cumulatively builds up through Eliza’s performance properly relayed?
Judgements of this kind involve issues that are semiotic in essence. Utterances
need to be seen as signs in constant interaction with each other and governed by
Figure 6.1 Idiolect in the Arabic version
Figure 6.2 Idiolect in French, Catalan and Portuguese versions
88 THE TRANSLATOR AS COMMUNICATOR
intertextual conventions. Register membership and pragmatic purposes remain
dormant unless and until they are placed within a wider socio-cultural
perspective, involving sign systems as means of signification.
To proceed, we need to clear up a matter we have so far taken for granted.
This is the literary-critical issue of what Shaw actually intended to say (or do
with his words) through Eliza’s use of the tags. As we have pointed out above,
defiance is the reading which generally comes through in the translations
consulted, a reading which we find not altogether inappropriate. However, going
by the textual evidence, we would suggest that, if it is ‘defiance’, then this must
be the kind of defiance that emanates from utter frustration; that is, it is
ultimately reducible to a cry from someone trapped. Consider, for example,
Shaw’s directions when introducing the various utterances where tagging occurs:
subsiding into a brooding melancholy over her basket, and talking very low-
spiritedly to herself; still nursing her sense of injury, and so on.
Contextually, on the other hand, Eliza cannot plausibly be seen as ‘defiant’,
given that this form of tagging emerges in the early stages of her linguistic
development only to disappear altogether as she ‘matures’ linguistically and
ideologically. Rather, what Eliza is more likely to be doing is betraying a
tremendous lack of self confidence, desperately seeking assurance for almost
every statement she makes. It is this uncertainty, combined with an acute sense
of failure that characterizes the power relations at work in her interaction with
the outside world.
Here, the intentionality involved in the way Shaw willed Eliza to be has gone
beyond the individual speech acts uttered in relative isolation from each other, in
the same way as it has gone beyond the formal features of register attached to the
various modes of use encountered. Complex systems of inference and
presupposition, together with a variety of cultural assumptions and conventions
are crucial to the intricate network of relations developed throughout the play.
These surround what Eliza has to say and reflect the ways in which a given
culture constructs and partitions reality.
Preserving the function of Eliza’s idiolectal use may thus have to be informed
by the ‘human’ or ‘socio-geographical’ criterion, rather than a purely ‘locational’
one (Catford 1965:87–8). The translation of Pygmalion must therefore seek to
bring out Eliza’s socio-linguistic ‘stigma’, a communicative slant which,
incidentally, should not necessarily entail opting for a particular regional variety
and could as effectively be relayed through simply modifying the standard itself.
By the same token, and remarking in general on the entire performance by Eliza,
the user’s status could adequately be reflected not primarily through phonological
features but through a deliberate manipulation of the grammar or the lexis to
relay the necessary ideological thrust.
We now have the beginnings of an answer to one of the two questions put
earlier, concerning the cumulative values to be relayed. Rather than defiance,
Eliza is more likely, from a position of weakness, to be displaying her
powerlessness, albeit resentfully. Once this crucial value is identified, the
REGISTER IN LITERARY TRANSLATING 89
remaining task for the translator is to ensure that consistency is established and
maintained. We would suggest in the case of the Arabic version, for example,
that ummal (which was chosen by the translator in one instance) will serve this
purpose adequately throughout.
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