of Ladurie refers only to the need to produce ‘a shorter version of the French’
and the excision of Ladurie’s discourse is unacknowledged as such. Yet it would
be entirely plausible to argue that the motivation for the shift is to win greater
acceptance for the text in a target language environment in which source text
discoursal signals might not have the same exchange value. One does not have to
accept such an argument to recognize that it does at least
accept the need to relay
intended meaning in the best possible way. The same could not be said of
Samples
9.2
and
9.3
, in which, deliberately or not, an author is made to promote
an ideology fundamentally at variance with that of the source text. We perceive
here a difference not only of degree but of kind. Yet if we accept that ‘violence…
resides in the very purpose and activity of translation’ (Venuti 1995:18), we are
obliged to classify all of the translations reviewed in this chapter as instances of
‘ethno-centric violence’, separated only by a matter of degree. In terms of the
position we have adopted as analysts (i.e. our own ideology), we would prefer to
reserve our most extreme terms of condemnation for the kind of translating
exemplified in Samples
9.2
and
9.3
. One may debate whether the Ladurie text
should have been relayed to target text readers in a more foreignizing fashion; our
own view is that it should. But such a debate is hardly admissible in the case of
Samples
9.2
and
9.3
, which, we submit, fall far short of the accepted criteria for
translating.
IDEOLOGY 135
Chapter 10
Text-level errors
In this final section of the book (Chapters
10
,
11
and
12
), we address pedagogic
issues, commencing with an exploration of translation ‘errors’. So far in our
discussion of the role of the translator as communicator, text-level errors have
been mentioned often enough to justify a section of the book being devoted
entirely to an examination of the topic. In this chapter, we shall leave aside
mismatches of propositional meaning or breaches of the target language code
(which may be due to inadequate
language competence on the part of the
translator) and focus on a number of problems in language use which can only be
adequately accounted for as mismatches of text and context (which may be due
to problems of
textual competence). Although the term ‘error’ is not entirely
appropriate (see further,
Chapter 12
), we shall, for the sake of convenience, refer
to these as text-level errors, to be considered within a comprehensive model of
discourse processing. The various components of the model have already been
introduced, and only those aspects relevant to the analysis of errors beyond-the-
sentence will be looked at more closely here. Categories belonging to register
membership, pragmatics and semiotics will be invoked in an attempt to explain
real cases of communication breakdown in both translation and interpreting.
While the various examples are, for practical reasons, presented in English, a
number of other source or target languages are obviously involved. Reference
will therefore be made to how these languages handle certain strands of
textuality, particularly in the way they utilize texture to reflect compositional
plans and comply with other higher-order contextual constraints. It is hoped that
the identification of such linguistic features, which have so far received minimal
attention in the existing grammars and lexicons of the
various languages
examined, will prompt further research into the discourse values of the features
themselves and also into the adequacy of the model proposed here to account for
text-level errors.
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