Had (3c) been made as explicit as (a) or (b), however, this would not only
have compromised the overall persuasive appeal, but would also have created
problems of
politeness. Here, we take a broader view of politeness than that of
the canonical theory, and deal with entire interactions, both written and spoken,
as capable of being ‘polite’ or otherwise.
2
Thus, taking the interaction as a whole
(
Sample 7.1
), choices (a) and (b) would each in its own way constitute a face-
threatening act of a fairly serious kind.
3
The addressee’s negative
face (the basic
claim to freedom of action and freedom from imposition) or positive
face (the
desire that self-image be approved of) would suffer if the addressee is excluded
from involvement through the introspection of choice (a) or if harangued through
admonition as in choice (b).
The utterance as actually produced (3c) also happens to encroach on both
positive and negative face, but the threat to face is redressed skilfully by the
sudden switch from distance to involvement and by reaching involvement via
distance. As we have pointed out above, ideational values such as introspection,
haranguing, sermonizing, all have a part to play in relaying overall polite or
impolite effects. So do factors such as power and solidarity, and distance and
involvement. It is this extensive coverage of the largest possible contextual area
and the comprehensive mapping of this on to actual texts that seems to provide
us with a framework within which pragmatic intention and action may most
usefully be examined.
Tracing intentionality in this way inevitably leads us to social semiotics, which
accounts for the way field, tenor and mode link up via intentionality with the
socio-textual practices of given language communities. In terms of the semiotic
macro-functions, it is primarily genre (e.g. the conventionally sanctioned
‘admonition’) which seems to be implicated when ideational meanings are
apparent in actual instances of language use. Interpersonal meanings, on the
other hand, are most naturally associated with attitudinal values yielded by given
discourses. Finally, the textual resources of language are closely bound up with
the notion of rhetorical purpose as the prime mover in the production and
reception of actual texts. This network of relations may be represented
schematically as in
Figure 7.1
.
Returning to the Qur’anic sequence in
Sample 7.1
, we can now see the success
of the choice opted for (3c) in terms of socio-semiotic values. The switch from
personal ‘introspection’ to ‘sermonizing’ is a genre-related matter which, given
the intentionality involved, may be seen as part of the way we represent reality
(ideation). Similarly, the switch from powerless reflection to powerful
admonition is a discoursal matter, explainable in terms of the interpersonal
relations intended. Finally, the change from a more subdued inner voice to a
more vocal one is mode-related and is part of the textual resources of language.
Thus, the dynamism of (3c) emanates from the gradual removal of stability and
the way in which norms are flouted. Choices (a) and (b), on the other hand,
would maintain a uniformity of generic, discoursal and textual values and in the
process render them relatively impotent.
100 THE
TRANSLATOR AS COMMUNICATOR
Incorporating the various contextual values yielded by the parameters
discussed above, we can now offer the following translation of (3c):
How can I but serve Him who has created me and to whom you shall all be
brought back?
Comparing our rendering with those opted for by the published translations could
involve us in a full-scale translation assessment. In this chapter, however, our
focus is much narrower since we are primarily interested in the way contextual
factors constrain the translation of reference switching in actual texts. Let us first
consider three of the translations of the Qur’anic verse:
1
For what cause should I not serve Him who hath created me, and unto whom
ye will be brought back? (Pickthall)
2
Why should I not serve him who has created me and to whom you shall all
be recalled? (Dawood)
3
And why should I not serve him who originated me and unto whom you shall
be returned? (Arberry)
In these translations, we suggest that, while the reference switching is rendered
formally, it is not preserved rhetorically. We recall that the switch is intended to
tone down and make more acceptable the discoursal thrust of ‘sermonizing’ by
juxtaposing it to an otherwise passive ‘introspection’. Put differently, the
powerful and yet intimate sermonizing now comes to be seen as a way of
counterbalancing the tactical and temporary loss of power and distance in the
preceding personal introspection. What we have in these translations does not
quite tally with this overall picture. Our observations may be summarized as
follows:
(a) In translation (1), the sermonizing clause
(and unto whom ye will be brought
back) is a weak ‘representative’ statement that is too distant even to serve as
a ‘reminder’. This is then placed against the background of an initial clause
Figure 7.1 Register
features as intended signs
TRANSLATING SACRED AND SENSITIVE TEXT 101
(the introspective
For what cause should I not serve Him who hath created
me) which relays self-serving defiance (‘why shouldn’t I? Give me a
reason!’). Thus both clauses in the translation are inadequate in terms of the
rhetorical contrast (powerless vs. powerful) which is crucial to the
argument.
(b) In translations (2) and (3), the second clause features the modal
shall which
appropriately gives an edge to the intended sermonizing, but the contrast is
still absent. The sermonizing is set against the background of the same self-
seeking defiance as in translation (1).
The translation of the first clause in versions (1), (2) and (3) may now be
compared with our suggested rendering (‘How can I but serve Him who has
created me’) which relays less choice and more commitment on the part of the
addresser in the narrative. In fact, it is this thematic focus which the fourth
published translation reflects as closely as possible:
4
It would not be reasonable in me if I did not serve him who created me, and
to whom you shall all be brought back. (Yusuf Ali)
Here, we note that, whereas the sermonizing in the second clause is rendered in a
similar fashion to translations (2) and (3), the first clause adequately brings
across the introspection intended, displaying the necessary minimal power and
maximal distance. The function of the juxtaposition is thus both formally and
rhetorically preserved. This becomes even clearer when we consider the
translation of this segment in sequence:
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: