The Translator as Communicator

face threatening act
(FTA):
see 
politeness
field of discourse:
see 
metafunctions, register
flouting a maxim:
see 
the cooperative
principle
foregrounding:
the process of making an
item or items prominent by
manipulating word order,
opting for
overlexicalization, etc.
formative assessment:
an activity in which the tests
or other forms of assessment
are used primarily as a
teaching
technique. Feedback from
the teacher enables students
to learn from their mistakes
and successes. 
Summative
assessment,
on the other
hand, is an activity in which
the tests or other forms of
assessment are used solely to
measure a student’s abilities
or potential capabilities.
free translation:
see 
literal translation
functional sentence
perspective:
the assumption that a
sentence is to be viewed
within a particular
GLOSSARY 185

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communicative perspective,
in which, in the unmarked
form, what is mentioned first
(> 
theme)
is normally of less
communicative importance
than what follows (>
rheme).
genre:
conventional forms of texts
associated with particular
types of social occasion (e.g.
the news report, the editorial,
the cooking recipe). Within a
given genre, subsidiary
genres may be identified. For
example, A Letter to the
Editor may employ a number
of sub-genres such as the
‘auctioneer’s falling
gavel 
going, going, gone’.
heuristic:
a set of analytic principles
that rely on variable and not
categorical rules, that help us
to learn about and discover
things in texts as we go along
and that rely on hypotheses
and options to be confirmed
or disconfirmed in the light
of unfolding textual
evidence.