ATTACHMENT SECURITY
A child’s acquired expectations about a specific caregiver’s sensitive/
responsivity is referred to as the quality of that child’s
attachment secu-
rity
. Born of Bowlby’s work (1958, 1969, 1973), attachment theory
moved the discussion of socioemotional development away from Freud’s
earlier and previously dominant drive-related theory toward an evolu-
74
Part II
Developmental Theory in Overview
tionary/biological understanding of development in the interest of
survival.
Mary Ainsworth’s work to operationalize attachment theory in the
laboratory-based
Strange Situation Paradigm
(Ainsworth & Bell, 1970;
Ainsworth, Bell, & Stayton, 1971) first allowed reliable measurement
of attachment security and launched thousands of subsequent studies,
each concerned with understanding the nature and implications of
attachment throughout the lifespan (e.g., Cassidy & Shaver, 1999;
Nelson & Bennett, 2008).
The Strange Situation Paradigm is a laboratory-based means of
assessing the quality of a toddler’s attachment security with an accompa-
nying caregiver. In this time- and resource-intensive research measure,
the child is observed and videorecorded through the course of seven
3-minute episodes, variously including the accompanying caregiver and
a stranger. The child’s ability to use the caregiver as a
secure base
from
which to explore and take comfort when stressed yields a measure
of security.
5
To think about attachment security and associated behaviors, it is
useful to imagine that people require emotional fuel in very much the
same way that cars require gasoline. As we grow, our physical and
social worlds expand and we develop more and more refueling options.
As an adult, you probably get refueled through some combination of
work and hobbies and play, friends and family and neighbors, home
and recreation (see chapter 17 about emotional refueling, burn-out and
the family law professional). Understanding how and where and when
adults find their “emotional fuel” can be an important part of any
evaluation, keeping in mind the many and varied unhealthy and destruc-
tive ways in which many people find their emotional fuel—some, even
from their children (e.g., MacFie, Houts, Pressel, & Cox, 2008).
6
Infants and toddlers have relatively smaller emotional gas tanks,
get relatively less efficient mileage, and have relatively fewer alternative
sources of emotional fuel. In the conventional intact family, a young
child’s options are typically limited to Mom and Dad.
In the same way that you may have learned through experience
which gas stations offer the best price and service and which ones are
open the most convenient hours, children acquire comparable informa-
tion about their caregivers. Experience teaches them whether Mom (or
Dad or sister or nanny
…
) will respond to their verbal and behavioral
signals, whether needs will be fulfilled, discomfort relieved, and emo-
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |