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Part II
Developmental Theory in Overview
Imagine the fetus’ preverbal experience in utero as one of idealized
immediate gratification. The amniotic sac and the umbilicus deliver
nutritional and hormonal answers the same moment that biological
questions are asked. Hungry? Food arrives. Tired? Sleep happens. For
the soon-to-be-born baby, there is no distinction between what is inside
and what is outside, between self and other. This is what Freud (1930/
1961) referred to as the neonate’s “oceanic sense of self.”
A simple visual aid effectively illustrates the distinction between self
and other: Dip the tip of a finger in a cup of water and withdraw it
slowly. A drip will cling to your fingertip. This drip is well defined. That
is, you can see its boundaries or edges—what is drip and what is not-
drip. Now move your finger enough to let the drip fall back into the cup.
Where is it? The singularity or identity of the drip is now entirely lost.
This is how we imagine the neonate’s sense of self and experience of
the world. Socioemotional development throughout the lifespan is about
emerging from boundlessness to define the boundaries and edges of
oneself and a means of relating to all that is not-self.
Birth is the trauma of separation, setting the stage for the lifelong
process of differentiating self from other and negotiating a relationship
between the two. Those first neonatal experiences of physical discomfort
and the frustration that occurs when need is no longer instantly fulfilled
trigger primitive, reflexive signals.
1
Unfulfilled need and discomfort
cause crying. Satiation and relief prompt cooing and later, smiles. Fa-
tigue prompts yawning. These preverbal cause–effect exchanges are the
earliest antecedents of language development (see chapter 4).
Just as with the shoemaker described in the introduction to this
book, everything to follow is about “goodness of fit” (Thomas & Chess,
1977), the unique and subjective match between the child’s cues and
the caregiver’s responses.
2
Implicit in this concept are variables which
include the child’s physiological abilities (e.g., the requisite visual, vocal,
auditory, and motor skills to signal need), the child’s temperament
(i.e., innate personality tendencies; Thomas & Chess, 1977),
3
and the
caregiver’s sensitive/responsivity (McElwain & Booth-LaForce, 2006).
This chapter introduces the concept of attachment security, the child’s
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