Chapter 12
Development and Parent–Child Reunification
213
3. See: (a) Martens (2006) for an excellent review of relevant resources pro-
moting successful reunification in the case of foster placement; (b) United
States Department of Health and Human Services (2006) for an excellent
review of foster, adoption, and reunification programs across the United
States; and (c) the University of Arizona Web page that summarizes
relevant federal laws and cases at http://www.law.arizona.edu/Depts/
Clinics/CAC/fed.html
4. See http://www.aecf.org/
5. Retrieved February 22, 2009, from http://www.casey.org/MediaCenter/
MediaKit/FactSheet.htm
6. For a discussion of the application of each criterion in a recent reunification
matter, see
ROBERT HUNTER and LORIE HUNTER, Plaintiffs-Appellees,
v. TAMMY JO HUNTER, Defendant-Appellant, and JEFFREY HUNTER,
Defendant
No. 279862. Court of Appeals of Michigan. March 20, 2008;
retrieved online February 15, 2009 from: http://www.plol.org/Pages/
Secure/Document.aspx?d=FYKx4hLL1jbm3mEF Gj%2b3NQ%3d%3d&l=
Cases&rp=4
7. Cross-cultural experience, separation due to war, political strife and mi-
gration are otherwise not considered here but have an important place
in the literature. Among recent publications, see: Arnold (2006), Black
(2006), Marte (2008), Rae-Espinoza (2007), and Schiff and Benbenishty
(2006).
8. “[T]raumatic experiences, such as child maltreatment, can interfere with
attachment and create a disturbed attachment.
…
[A]busive parents tend
to have had a childhood characterized by insecure, unstable, and/or
pathological relations with their primary caregivers” (Ezzo, Evans, &
McGovern-Kondik, 2004, p.31).
9. Relevant, but beyond the scope of this discussion, are: Condie and Condie
(2008) and Watkins (1995).
10. In one fascinating study, teenage mothers were found to be neurologically
less attentive and responsive to infant’s needs than adult mothers:
“[W]here self-report is used as a measure of maternal responsiveness, teen
mothers are no different in responsiveness than adult mothers; however,
where physiological and interactional measures of responsiveness are
considered, teen mothers are less likely to show heightened or selective
responses to infant cries or respond ’attentively’ to the infant” (Giardino
et al., 2008, p. 149).
11. In
In re Yves
, the appellate court asks, “Does the fact that a parent has a
mental illness that is being successfully managed nevertheless provide a
‘compelling reason’ to deny reunification and instead adopt a permanency
plan of long-term foster care?” It answers decisively that, “[The] Juvenile
Judge’s orders of long term and permanent foster care were clearly errone-
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