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Part III
Topics in Separation, Visitation, and Reunification
an unhealthy relationship even worse, creating conditions ripe for visita-
tion resistance and refusal, conditions that can condemn reunification
efforts to fail even before they have begun.
The Absent Parent’s Socioemotional Maturity
Sensitive/responsivity calls for certain minimal physical, behavioral, and
developmental prerequisites
9
(see Bolton & Laner, 1981). A sensitive
and responsive parent must have the sensory capacity to receive (typi-
cally to see and/or hear) the child’s signals and the motor capacity and/
or the assistive technologies to respond appropriately to those signals.
10
The parent has to be free of chemicals (e.g., drugs and alcohol), addic-
tions (e.g., pornography or gambling), and psychopathologies (e.g.,
schizophrenia)
11
that regularly impede the ability to receive and sensi-
tively respond to the child’s signals. Further, the parent must have the
socioemotional maturity to regularly choose to exercise these capacities
in the child’s best interests. As one researcher phrases it, what is neces-
sary is “[the] ability to empathically understand and give priority to
their child’s needs” (Donald & Jureidini, 2004, p. 5).
Although this argument applies to parenting children of any age
(and perhaps to engaging in any healthy relationship), it is most easily
illustrated with regard to the care of an infant: At a minimum, a parent
should be able to hear that her baby is crying and be able to promptly
provide a bottle or a burp or a cuddle, unimpaired by substances and free
of the competing and confusing demands of compulsions, hallucinations
and delusions. These broadly constitute the UMDA’s “mental and physi-
cal health” criteria.
But a parent must also have “[t]he capacity and disposition
…
to
give the child love, affection, and guidance”—that is, the social and
emotional wherewithal to choose to put aside other matters so as to
respond to the baby’s cry, to tolerate misinterpreting the child’s needs,
and to soothe the child all the while. This calls for the mature capacity
to tolerate frustration, to delay gratification, to understand that the
child has an interior life apart from one’s own (theory of mind), and
to regulate one’s own needs.
The absence of these social and emotional capacities is often associ-
ated with the high rates of social service intervention, removal, and
termination among teenage mothers, regardless of affluence, social sup-
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