Chapter 5
Social and Emotional Development
93
development of later psychopathology (Salekin & Avereet, 2008), perhaps
in combination with socioeconomic stresses (Flouri, 2008).
4. Barry Brazelton (Brazelton & Cramer, 1991) identifies the earlier period
from birth through one to two weeks post-partum as necessary for the
establishment of homeostasis. This refers to the newborn’s earliest efforts
to tolerate and balance the unfamiliar onslaught of sensation, including
light and sound, movement, taste and texture. Brazelton posits that suc-
cess at this task is a necessary antecedent of the development of attach-
ment. Brazelton discusses subsequent phases in different terms, referring
to Prolonging of Attention (2-8 weeks), Testing Limits (3-4 months) and
Emergence of Autonomy (4-5 months). About this latter, Brazelton and
Cramer write descriptively: “A most common sign of this development
can be seen in normal infants at 4-5 months during a feeding, when they
stop to look around and attend to their environment. When a mother can
allow this and even foster it, she is encouraging her infant’s burgeoning
autonomy” (p. 117).
5. Although the majority of attachment research refers to discrete categories
of attachment security, more recent research suggests that security is a
continuous variable that should be discussed as a matter of degree, not
type (Fraley & Spieker, 2003). I prefer this continuous explanation, particu-
larly as it helps us to understand how intervening events (e.g., divorce,
therapy) can result in greater or lesser security (Marvin, Cooper, Hoff-
man, & Powell, 2002).
6. There is tragically little research or theory seeking to understand revolving
door litigants, those adults who repeatedly seek court intervention for (as
one example), post-divorce matters. Nevertheless, the parent coordination
movement (Smith-Bailey, 2005) was initiated, in part, to reduce the num-
ber and frequency of these recidivists.
7. McElwain and Booth-LaForce (2006), for example, find 56–64% secure,
12–14% insecure/avoidant, 10–13% insecure/resistant, and 14–17% disor-
ganized or unclassifiable.
8. In every instance, we must keep in mind the extent to which situational
factors can compromise optimal functioning. These include understand-
ing whether the child is well rested and fed, healthy or ill, and—when
studying infants and toddlers—the status of their diapers and pull-ups.
9. The Adult Attachment Inventory (George, Kaplan, & Main, 1996) allows
researchers to reliably predict a child’s attachment to a parent based upon
a structured interview with that parent about his or her own childhood
attachment experiences (Fonagy, Steele, & Steele, 1991; Hesse, 1999).
Mothers of toddlers who demonstrate secure attachments discuss their
own experience of attachment in childhood in a cohesive, realistic, and
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