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Part II
Developmental Theory in Overview
socioemotional development precedes all else. It is only in the fertile
soil of healthy attachment relationships that language and thought can
really grow. The child’s experience negotiating these relationships builds
his sense of self toward healthy autonomy and opens the door to healthy
intimate relationships. With this knowledge it is all that much more
humbling to consider the power wielded by the family court system to
make or break these early relationships and thereby to shape the course
of all that may follow.
NOTES
1.
Bonding refers to the mother–child pairing that occurs at birth in some
species in the context of the tremendous hormonal burst that accompanies
birth (Klaus & Kennell, 1976). Imprinting is a naturally occurring example
of bonding that occurs among geese, for example, as illustrated in Lo-
renz’s studies (1937) and the very entertaining movie,
Fly Away Home
(1996, Columbia Pictures). Although courts often order a “bonding as-
sessment” in an effort to garner an expert opinion about the quality of
relationship between a child and an adult when, for example, termination
of parental rights is at issue, the phrase is most usefully understood to
refer to the quality of attachment within the dyad (Barone, Weitz, &
Witt, 2005).
2. Family law professionals reasonably read “goodness of fit” as “best inter-
ests of the child” (BIC), although this equation has not been formally
propounded either in the developmental literature or in the law. The
BIC, of course, is the near universal standard for decisions that bear on
children’s well-being (Bartlett, 2002; van Kreiken, 2005), a standard that
I once described as, “
…
second only to the concept of ‘god’ as a popularly
endorsed beneficence without clear definition, proof of existence or reli-
able measure. Like the idea of ‘god,’ the BIC is often invoked in support
of self-serving interests in such a way that conflicts are more often exacer-
bated than quelled” (Garber, 2009).
3. Thomas and Chess (1977) identified three temperament types. Infants
who were “easy” were generally positive and adaptable. Those who were
“difficult” were relatively fussy, irritable, and tearful. The remaining
group were “slow to warm” or cautious, tentative, and only adapted
to change gradually. These temperament types have been found to be
relatively stable throughout life and common across cultures (Thomas,
Chess, Birch, Hertzig, & Korn, 1963), and are questionably related to the
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