Chapter 7
Developmental Asynchrony and De´calage
137
■
Moderate Mental Retardation (35–55) comprises approximately 10%
of this population;
■
Severe Mental Retardation (20–35) comprises 3–4% of this popula-
tion; and
■
Profound Mental Retardation (under 20) comprises 1–2% of this popu-
lation.
For more information about mental retardation and associated deficits,
see American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (1999).
8. “At both ends of the school-ability continuum, students have a difficult
time connecting to interaction and instruction in a heterogeneous class-
room unless a high level of differentiated curricula is in place” (Pe-
terson, 2006).
9. See Jarosewich, Pfeiffer, and Morris (2002) for a review of instruments
that purport to identify giftedness among students.
10. “Locus of control” (LOC) is a concept related to attribution theory and
implicated in some models of depression. LOC refers to whether an
individual attributes the experience of success and failure to self or to
chance. Depressed individuals, for example, commonly attribute success
to chance and failure to self in a manner that tends to reinforce their
depressed state.
11. Vanderbilt-Adriance and Shaw (2008) find that early childhood measures
of ” IQ, nurturant parenting, and parent-child relationship quality” to-
gether determined which among their sample of disadvantaged urban
youth became socially successful adolescents.
12. Burkett (1991) finds that parents who were themselves sexually abused
as children are at high risk for seeking parent-like nurturance from
their children.
13. Take care not to infer causality in these findings. Although cognitive
delay may cause circumstances that indeed cause social and emotional
distress, it is at least equally likely that both cognitive delay and social/
emotional dysfunction are born of the same underlying cause.
14. In one dramatic clinical example, a 12-year-old girl was presented for
psychotherapy by her single mother. Mother was an extremely successful
businesswoman who had raised her daughter alone from birth largely
by giving in. As a result, the child had every toy and gadget imaginable
but no friends, failing grades, and an utter inability to tolerate frustration
and inhibit impulses. She had been taught that demanding and tan-
truming were successful coping strategies. Although quite intelligent and
linguistically competent, this child was socially and emotionally still an
infant. Unfortunately, psychotherapy failed because Mom characteristi-
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