The Skillful Teacher

participation includes posting discussion reflections online, bring-
ing helpful materials to class that are not mentioned in the course
syllabus, calling for quiet reflective interludes during discussion, and
making useful observations on anonymous CIQs regarding discus-
sion dynamics. Good participation can also be recognized when stu-
dents perform the assigned roles mentioned later in this chapter,
some of which require very little speech. Before addressing how to
get students to participate in discussion, however, it might be use-
ful to understand what stops them from speaking in the first place.