The shadow economy

Table 20. Social insurance contributions wedge for a selection of countries.
Bir qator mamlakatlar uchun ijtimoiy sug'urta badallari.

Country	Social security contributions from employers and employees, % of salary
Germany	40
Italy	41
Portugal	34
Switzerland	12
United Kingdom	26

Social security contributions from employers and employees, % of salary
Ish beruvchilar va xodimlarning ijtimoiy sug'urta badallari, ish haqining %


Notes: Contributions vary according to salary: these are the marginal rates around the middle of the salary range as it is marginal rates which affect shadow economy decisions. Rates are approximate from OECD data. Arguably, rates should be expressed as a percentage of the employee's value added, which would involve adding back the employer's contribution to the salary, and this would reduce rates where the employer's contribution is large. For example, in the case of Germany, the rate would fall to 33 per cent if calculated as a percentage of salary plus employer's contribution.
Izohlar: badallar ish haqiga qarab farqlanadi: bu marjinal stavkalar taxminan ish haqi oralig'ining o'rtasida, chunki marjinal stavkalar yashirin iqtisodiyotdagi qarorlarga ta'sir qiladi. Narxlar OECD maʼlumotlari asosida taxminiy hisoblanadi. Ta'kidlash joizki, stavkalar ishchining qo'shilgan qiymatining foizi sifatida ifodalanishi kerak, bu ish beruvchining hissasini ish haqiga qo'shishni talab qiladi va bu ish beruvchining hissasi katta bo'lsa, stavkalarni pasaytiradi. Misol uchun, Germaniya misolida, agar ish haqi va ish beruvchining hissasi sifatida hisoblansa, stavka 33 foizga tushadi.