The shadow economy

5.5. Disaggregating shadow employment – some further investigation.

Soya bandligini taqsimlash - Ba'zi qo'shimcha tadqiqotlar.
It has already been noted that the forms which shadow employment takes will be different in different countries. In some countries, self-employment is not discouraged and has a separate tax status, whereas in other countries self-employment can involve shadow arrangements without clear contracts for service. The self-employed will often not pay the same rates of social insurance contributions as those who are employed but, at the same time, they may not receive the relevant benefits either. The situation of those undertaking shadow employment for a few hours a week while also having a full-time job is very different from that of those who work full time in the shadow economy. It is possible to understand more about the nature of the shadow economy and the policies that can be used to address it by looking at particular features of shadow work.
Turli mamlakatlarda yashirin bandlik shakllari har xil bo'lishi allaqachon qayd etilgan. Ba'zi mamlakatlarda o'z-o'zini ish bilan ta'minlashga yo'l qo'yilmaydi va alohida soliq maqomiga ega, boshqa mamlakatlarda esa o'z-o'zini ish bilan ta'minlash aniq xizmat shartnomalarisiz yashirin sxemalarni o'z ichiga olishi mumkin. O'z-o'zini ish bilan band bo'lganlar ko'pincha ish bilan band bo'lgan bir xil ijtimoiy sug'urta badallari stavkalarini to'lamaydilar, lekin ayni paytda ular tegishli nafaqalarni olmasliklari mumkin. Haftada bir necha soat soyada ishlayotgan, ammo baribir to‘liq ish joyiga ega bo‘lganlarning ahvoli yashirin iqtisodda to‘liq ishlayotganlardan keskin farq qiladi. Yashirin iqtisodiyotning mohiyatini va unga qarshi kurashda qanday siyosat yuritilishi mumkinligini yashirin ishning xususiyatlariga qarab yaxshiroq tushunish mumkin.
The proportion of employees not covered by social security contributions.
Ijtimoiy sug'urta badallari bilan qamrab olinmagan ishchilar ulushi.
There is highly likely to be a relationship between state-provided social security and the shadow economy. Those who work in the shadow economy may well generally do so in order to avoid paying taxes – including social security taxes. In contributory systems where benefits are closely related to a contribution record, however, such people will also not receive benefits, although they may still receive low levels of subsistence support from the state during old age or periods of unemployment.
Davlat tomonidan ta'minlangan ijtimoiy ta'minot va yashirin iqtisodiyot o'rtasida bog'liqlik yuqori darajada. Yashirin iqtisodiyotda foyda keltiradigan soliqlarni, shu ijtimoiy sug'urta soliqlarini to'lamas uchun shunday qilishlari mumkin. Imtiyozlar badal to'lovlari bilan chambarchas bog'liq bo'lgan badal to'lashda tizimlar bunday ham nafaqa olmaydilar, odamlar garchi ular keksalik yoki ishsizlik vaqtida davlatdan kam yashash uchun yordam olishlari mumkin.

The extent of social security contributions in a number of OECD countries can be seen in Table 20. The very high tax wedge will undoubtedly contribute to encouraging the shadow economy, and there certainly appears to be some relationship between the level of social security taxes and the size of the shadow economy, something which is, of course, confirmed in the formal studies discussed in earlier chapters.

Iqtisodiy hamkorlik va hamkorlik tashkilotiga a’zo qator mamlakatlarda ijtimoiy sug‘urta badallarining hajmini 20-jadvalda ko‘rish mumkin. Soliqlarning juda yuqori bo‘lishi, shubhasiz, yashirin iqtisodiyotni rag‘batlantiradi va ijtimoiy sug‘urta soliqlari darajasi va soyaning kattaligi o‘rtasida albatta bog‘liqlik mavjud. iqtisod, bu, albatta, oldingi boblarda muhokama qilingan rasmiy tadqiqotlar tomonidan quvvatlanadi.