The shadow economy

Table 22. Alternative measures of informal employment and undeclared work, 2006 (percentage of non-farm employment).
Norasmiy bandlik va deklaratsiyalanmagan bandlikning muqobil choralari, 2006 yil (qishloq xo'jaligidan tashqari bandlikning ulushi).

Country	Employees in informal jobs		Own account	Unpaid family	Multiple job holders	Undeclared income
	Employees not registered for mandatory social security	Employees without work contract				% of work-force typically not reported for tax purposes	% of employees receiving wages cash in hand
Czech Republic	-	1.8	11.4	0.7	2.1	10.1	3.0
Hungary	19.4	2.6	6.4	0.3	1.8	8.6	8.0
Korea	25.8	-	17.1	4.7	1.7	7.0	-
Mexico	31.5	26.9	20.6	5.1	3.3	30.9	-
Poland	-	4.9	7.0	0.7	7.5	10.6	11.0
Slovak	-	2.2	9.2	0.1	1.2	5.6	7.0
Republic Turkey	21.7		16.6	3.3	3.1	24.6

Employees in informal jobs	Norasmiy ishlarda ishlaydiganlar
Own account	Shaxsiy hisob
Unpaid family	To'lanmagan oila
Multiple job holders	Bir nechta ish egalari
Undeclared income	Deklaratsiya qilinmagan daromadlar
Employees not registered for mandatory social security	Majburiy ijtimoiy ta'minot uchun ro'yxatdan o'tmagan ishchilar
Employees without work contract	Mehnat shartnomasi bo'lmagan xodimlar
% of work-force typically not reported for tax purposes	Ishchi kuchining % i odatda soliq maqsadlarida hisobot qilinmaydi
% of employees receiving wages cash in hand	Ish haqini naqd pulda oladigan xodimlarning %

Types of informal employment.
Norasmiy bandlik turlari.
As has been noted, there are a variety of ways in which shadow economy work can take place. This can include individuals not being registered for social security contributions to avoid contributions; individuals who work without a contract; those who have second jobs and declare only one of those jobs; illegal immigrants who cannot legally register; and those who work casually and occasionally for cash in hand.
Yuqorida aytib o'tilganidek, yashirin iqtisodiyotni yuritishning ko'plab usullari mavjud. Bu badallarni to'lamaslik uchun ijtimoiy sug'urta badallari uchun ro'yxatdan o'tmagan shaxslarni o'z ichiga olishi mumkin; shartnomasiz ishlaydigan shaxslar; ikkinchi ish joyiga ega bo'lgan va ushbu ishlardan faqat bittasini e'lon qilganlar; qonuniy ro'yxatdan o'ta olmaydigan noqonuniy immigrantlar; va tartibsiz va ba'zan naqd pul uchun ishlaydiganlar.
An OECD study (2008) examines the different forms of informal employment in seven OECD countries: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Korea, Mexico, Poland, the Slovak Republic and Turkey. The results are shown in Table 22. Informal workers are grouped by informal job and own-account workers; unpaid family workers; multiple job holders; and those with undeclared income. Mexico has the highest values for almost all of these seven categories, followed by Turkey and then Korea. There are large variations in the forms of informal working between the countries. For example, former communist countries have a very low proportion of unpaid family workers but a fairly high proportion of multiple job holders compared with other forms of informal employment.
OECD tadqiqoti (2008) OECDning ettita davlatida norasmiy bandlikning turli shakllarini o‘rganadi: Chexiya, Vengriya, Koreya, Meksika, Polsha, Slovakiya va Turkiya. Natijalar 22-jadvalda keltirilgan. Norasmiy ishchilar norasmiy bandlik va shaxsiy hisobdagi ishchilar bo'yicha guruhlangan; to'lanmagan oilaviy ishchilar; bir nechta ish egalari; va deklaratsiya qilinmagan daromadlari bo'lgan jismoniy shaxslar. Bu yetti toifaning deyarli barchasi bo‘yicha eng yuqori ball Meksika, ikkinchi o‘rinda Turkiya va Koreya. Mamlakatlar o'rtasida norasmiy ish shakllarida katta farqlar mavjud. Misol uchun, sobiq kommunistik mamlakatlarda to'lanmagan oila ishchilarining ulushi juda past, ammo norasmiy bandlikning boshqa shakllariga nisbatan to'liq bo'lmagan ishchilarning ulushi ancha yuqori.
Shadow economy workers with an illegal immigrant background.
Noqonuniy immigratsion kelib chiqishi bilan yashirin iqtisodiyot xodimlari.
The OECD has collected data about illegal immigrants who are working in the shadow economy and this is summarised in Figure 5. These numbers are small but significant. They are particularly important because, in many cases, illegal immigrants may well have full-time jobs in the shadow economy. The highest level of illegal migrant working is in Greece (4.4 per cent), followed by the USA (3.2 per cent) and Italy (2 per cent). Norway and Sweden have the lowest values.
OECD yashirin iqtisodiyotda ishlayotgan noqonuniy muhojirlar to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlarni to'plagan va ular 5-rasmda jamlangan. Bu raqamlar kichik, ammo muhim. Ular ayniqsa muhimdir, chunki ko'p hollarda noqonuniy immigrantlar yashirin iqtisodiyotda doimiy ish joylariga ega bo'lishi mumkin. Noqonuniy mehnat muhojirlarining eng yuqori darajasi Gretsiyada (4,4%), undan keyin AQSh (3,2%) va Italiya (2%). Norvegiya va Shvetsiya eng past ko'rsatkichlarga ega.
It is worth noting, however, that the employment of illegal immigrants takes place at relatively small levels in all the countries below. Indeed, given the situation that illegal immigrants find themselves in, one can view shadow working by this group rather positively in that the alternative might be relying on charity or begging. Policies to address the problem (on the one hand amnesties and, on the other hand, either strengthening border policing or liberalising immigration policy) would clearly make a discernible impact on this group but, in the context of the shadow economy as a whole, illegal immigration is not the most important issue.
Ammo shuni ta'kidlash joizki, noqonuniy muhojirlarni ishga joylashtirish quyida sanab o'tilgan barcha mamlakatlarda nisbatan past darajada. Darhaqiqat, noqonuniy muhojirlar duch kelgan vaziyatni hisobga olsak, ushbu guruhning yashirin ishlariga ijobiy qarash mumkin, chunki muqobil xayriya yoki tilanchilikka tayanish bo'lishi mumkin. Muammoni hal qilish siyosati (bir tomondan, amnistiyalar, ikkinchi tomondan, chegara qo'riqlashni kuchaytirish yoki immigratsiya siyosatini liberallashtirish) bu guruhga sezilarli ta'sir ko'rsatishi aniq, ammo yashirin iqtisodiyot sharoitida. umuman noqonuniy. Immigratsiya eng muhim masala emas.