The shadow economy

Table 6. Size of the shadow economy (% of official GDP) in 21 OECD countries.
Iqtisodiy hamkorlik va hamkorlik tashkilotining 21 ta davlatida yashirin iqtisodiyot hajmi (rasmiy YaIMga nisbatan foiz).

OECD countries	Shadow economy (in % of official GDP)					2003		2005		2007		2009		2011		2012
	Average	Average	Average	Average	Average
	1989/90	1994/95	1997/98	1999	2001
1. Australia	10.1	13.5	14.0	14.4	14.3		13.9		13.7		13.5		n/a		n/a		n/a
2. Austria	6.9	8.6	9.0	10.0	9.7		9.8		9.8		9.5		8.5		8.0		7.6
3. Belgium	19.3	21.5	22.5	22.7	22.1		22.0		21.8		21.3		17.8		17.1		16.8
4. Canada	12.8	14.8	16.2	16.3	15.9		15.7		15.5		15.3		n/a		n/a		n/a
5. Denmark	10.8	17.8	18.3	18.4	18.0		18.0		17.6		16.9		14.3		13.8		13.4
6. Finland	13.4	18.2	18.9	18.4	17.9		17.7		17.4		17.0		14.2		13.7		13.3
7. France	9.0	14.5	14.9	15.7	15.0		15.0		14.8		14.7		11.6		11.0		10.8
8. Germany	11.8	13.5	14.9	16.4	15.9		16.3		16.0		15.3		14.6		13.7		13.3
9. Greece	22.6	28.6	29.0	28.5	28.2		27.4		26.9		26.5		25.0		24.3		24.0
10. Ireland	11.0	15.4	16.2	16.1	15.9		16.0		15.6		15.4		13.1		12.8		12.7
11. Italy	22.8	26.0	27.1	27.8	26.7		27.0		27.1		26.8		22.0		21.2		21.6
12. Japan	8.8	10.6	11.1	11.4	11.2		11.2		10.7		10.3		n/a		n/a		n/a
13. Netherlands	11.9	13.7	13.5	13.3	13.1		13.3		13.2		13.0		10.2		9.8		9.5
14. New Zealand	9.2	11.3	11.9	13.0	12.6		12.2		12.1		12.0		n/a		n/a		n/a
15. Norway	14.8	18.2	19.6	19.2	19.0		19.0		18.5		18.0		n/a		n/a		n/a
16. Portugal	15.9	22.1	23.1	23.0	22.6		23.0		23.3		23.0		19.5		19.4		19.4
17. Spain	16.1	22.4	23.1	23.0	22.4		22.4		22.4		22.2		19.5		19.2		19.2
18. Sweden	15.8	19.5	19.9	19.6	19.1		18.7		18.6		17.9		15.4		14.7		14.3
19. Switzerland	6.7	7.8	8.1	8.8	8.6		8.8		8.5		8.1		n/a		n/a		n/a
20. UK	9.6	12.5	13.0	12.8	12.6		12.5		12.4		12.2		10.9		11.0		10.3
21. USA	6.7	8.8	8.9	8.8	8.8		8.7		8.5		8.4		n/a		n/a		n/a
Unweighted average for 21 OECD countries	12.67	16.16	16.82	17.03	16.65		16.6		16.4		16.06		n/a		n/a		n/a

Shadow economy (in % of official GDP)	Yashirin iqtisodiyot (rasmiy YaIMga nisbatan %da)
Average	O'rtacha
Unweighted average for 21 OECD countries	Iqtisodiy hamkorlik va hamkorlik tashkilotining 21 mamlakati uchun o'rtacha hisoblanmagan

The German shadow economy is in the middle of the ranking of OECD countries, whereas Austria and Switzerland are at the lower end. Southern European countries have the biggest shadow economies (20-26 per cent of official national income). Indeed, each of Portugal, Spain, Italy and Greece have shadow economic activity equal to between about one fifth and one quarter of the official economy. Scandinavian countries have shadow economies that are above the average for OECD countries. This is interesting because Nordic countries are often characterized as having a high degree of equality which, it is suggested, gives rise to a high level of trust and good social norms. They also have very high tax burdens, however (though often a relatively light regulatory burden).
Germaniyaning yashirin iqtisodiyoti OECD reytingida o‘rtada, Avstriya va Shveytsariya esa quyida joylashgan. Janubiy Yevropa mamlakatlari eng katta yashirin iqtisodiyotga ega (rasmiy milliy daromadning 20-26%). Darhaqiqat, Portugaliya, Ispaniya, Italiya va Gretsiyada yashirin iqtisodiy faoliyat rasmiy iqtisodiyotning beshdan bir qismidan to'rtdan bir qismini tashkil qiladi. Skandinaviya mamlakatlari OECD oʻrtacha koʻrsatkichidan yuqori boʻlgan yashirin iqtisodiyotga ega. Bu qiziq, chunki shimoliy mamlakatlar ko'pincha yuqori darajadagi tenglik bilan ajralib turadi, bu esa yuqori darajadagi ishonch va yaxshi ijtimoiy me'yorlarni keltirib chiqarishi kerak. Biroq, ular juda yuqori soliq yukiga ega (garchi ko'pincha nisbatan engil tartibga solish yuki).

One of the reasons for the differences in the size of the shadow economy between OECD countries is the level of regulation. For example, there are fewer regulations in the USA compared with Germany, where everything is forbidden that is not explicitly allowed. In Germany, individual freedom is limited in many areas by far-reaching state intervention. Indeed, even in the USA it is worth noting that one large area of shadow economic activity (not examined separately in this study) is in relation to the work of illegal immigrants – immigration is one policy area that is heavily regulated in the USA and the consequences are clear. Another reason for the differences between the sizes of the shadow economy in the USA and Switzerland and other OECD countries is the level of taxation. The direct and indirect tax burden was the lowest in the USA and Switzerland among OECD countries for most of this period. The size of the shadow economy in the UK is a little below the OECD average at 10.6 per cent and was just one percentage point higher at the end of the period than at the beginning.

Iqtisodiy hamkorlik va hamkorlik tashkiloti mamlakatlarida yashirin iqtisodiyot hajmining o'zgarishining sabablaridan biri bu tartibga solish darajasidir. Misol uchun, AQShda Germaniyaga qaraganda kamroq qoidalar mavjud, bu erda aniq ruxsat berilmagan hamma narsa taqiqlangan. Germaniyada shaxsiy erkinlik davlatning keng qamrovli aralashuvi bilan ko'p sohalarda cheklangan. Darhaqiqat, hatto AQShda ham shuni ta'kidlash kerakki, er osti iqtisodiy faoliyatning bir katta yo'nalishi (ushbu tadqiqotda alohida ko'rib chiqilmagan) noqonuniy immigrantlar ishi bilan bog'liq - immigratsiya siyosatning qattiq tartibga solinadigan sohalaridan biridir. AQShda va oqibatlari aniq. AQSh va Shveytsariya va boshqa OECD mamlakatlaridagi yashirin iqtisodiyot hajmi o'rtasidagi farqning yana bir sababi soliqqa tortish darajasidir. To'g'ridan-to'g'ri va bilvosita soliqlarning yuki ushbu davrning aksariyat qismida AQSh va Shveytsariyada OECD mamlakatlari orasida eng past bo'ldi. Buyuk Britaniyaning yashirin iqtisodiyoti hajmi OECD o'rtacha ko'rsatkichidan bir oz pastroq bo'lib, 10,6% ni tashkil etadi va davr oxirida boshidagiga qaraganda atigi bir foizga yuqori edi.

4.4. Development and size of the shadow economies throughout the world.²⁵

Butun dunyoda yashirin iqtisodiyotning rivojlanishi va hajmi.

Figure 1 shows, in summary form, the average size of the shadow economy of 162 countries over the period 1999-2007²⁶. Table 7 shows the average size of the shadow economy in different regions, as defined by the World Bank. The World Bank distinguishes eight world regions, which are: East Asia and Pacific; Europe (non-OECD) and Central Asia; Latin America and the Caribbean; Middle East and North Africa; high-income OECD²⁷; other high-income countries; South Asia; and sub-Saharan Africa.

Shaklda. 1 1999-2007 yillardagi 162 ta davlatning yashirin iqtisodiyotining o'rtacha hajmini umumlashtiradi. 7-jadvalda Jahon banki ma'lumotlariga ko'ra turli hududlarda yashirin iqtisodiyotning o'rtacha hajmi ko'rsatilgan. Jahon banki dunyoning sakkizta mintaqasini belgilaydi, xususan: Sharqiy Osiyo va Tinch okeani; Yevropa (OECDga kirmagan) va Markaziy Osiyo; Lotin Amerikasi va Karib dengizi; Yaqin Sharq va Shimoliy Afrika; yuqori daromadli OECD mamlakatlari; boshqa yuqori daromadli mamlakatlar; Janubiy Osiyo; va Sahroi Kabirdan janubiy Afrika.

If we consider the average size of the shadow economies of these regions weighted by total GDP in 2005, sub-Saharan Africa has the highest with 37.6 per cent, followed by Europe (non- OECD) and Central Asia with 36.4 per cent and Latin America and the Caribbean with 34.7 per cent. The lowest level of shadow economic activity is in high-income OECD countries with 13.4 per cent. The average size of the shadow economy throughout the world, weighted by national income, is 17.1 per cent. The unweighted average is 33 per cent over the period 1999-2007.

Agar 2005 yildagi umumiy YaIMga nisbatan ushbu hududlarda yashirin iqtisodiyotning oʻrtacha hajmiga eʼtibor qaratadigan boʻlsak, Sahroi Kabirdan janubi-gʻarbiy Afrikada eng yuqori boʻlgan 37,6%, undan keyin Yevropa (OECDga kirmagan) va Markaziy Osiyo, 36,4% bilan Osiyo va Lotin. Amerika. va Karib havzasi 34,7% bilan. Yashirin iqtisodiy faoliyatning eng past darajasi yuqori daromadli OECD mamlakatlarida kuzatilmoqda - 13,4%. Yashirin iqtisodiyotning butun dunyo bo'ylab milliy daromadga nisbatan o'rtacha hajmi 17,1% ni tashkil qiladi. 1999-2007 yillardagi o'rtacha o'lchovsiz ko'rsatkich 33 foizni tashkil etadi.