The shadow economy

Figure 4. Reasons for supplying shadow labour.
Soya mehnatini ta'minlash sabablari.

Source: Haigner et al. (2011)

To earn more money	Ko'proq pul ishlash uchun
Others do it as well	Boshqalar ham shunday qilishadi
Don't want to lose transfer payments	Transfer to'lovlarini yo'qotishni xohlamang
Is more flexible	Ko'proq moslashuvchan
I like the work	Men ishni yaxshi ko'raman
Work officially not allowed	Ish rasman taqiqlangan
Customers want unofficial work	Mijozlar norasmiy ishlashni xohlashadi
Other reasons	Boshqa sabablar

The proportions in Figure 3 do not add up to 100 per cent since multiple answers were allowed.
3-rasmdagi nisbatlar 100% gacha qo'shilmaydi, chunki bir nechta javoblarga ruxsat berilgan.
The authors also asked those survey respondents who engaged in shadow labour supply their reasons for doing so. The results are reported in Figure 4. Four out of five supply shadow labour in order to earn more money – though this does not really address the question of why such people work in the shadow rather than the formal sector. About one in eight shadow labour suppliers do so because they do not want to lose transfer payments. In the German social system, pensions, as well as unemployment benefit and social assistance payments, are cut when people earn more and implicit marginal tax and benefit withdrawal rates can be more than 100 per cent in the official labour market.
Mualliflar, shuningdek, soya mehnati bilan shug'ullangan so'rov ishtirokchilaridan buning sabablarini ko'rsatishni so'rashgan. Natijalar 4-rasmda keltirilgan. Beshtadan to'rttasi ko'proq pul topish uchun yer osti mehnatini taklif qiladi, garchi bu haqiqatan ham bunday odamlar rasmiy sektorda emas, balki soyada ishlaydi degan savolga javob bermaydi. Taxminan sakkizinchi yashirin mehnat provayderlari buni transfer to'lovlarini yo'qotishni istamagani uchun qiladi. Germaniya ijtimoiy tizimida pensiyalar, shuningdek, ishsizlik nafaqalari va ijtimoiy nafaqa to'lovlari odamlar ko'proq maosh oladigan bo'lsa, kamaytiriladi va noaniq marjinal soliqlar va nafaqalarni olib qo'yish stavkalari rasmiy mehnat bozorida 100% dan oshishi mumkin.
More than one in five shadow labour suppliers claim that their motive is that others do it as well. This result is in line with the Ending above that German residents perceive, in general, shadow labour supply and demand to be a rather trivial offence.
Har beshinchi yashirin mehnat ta'minotchilaridan ko'prog'i ularning maqsadi boshqalar ham xuddi shunday qilishdir. Bu natija yuqoridagi xulosaga mos keladi, unga ko'ra Germaniya aholisi ish kuchiga bo'lgan er osti talab va taklifini umuman ahamiyatsiz jinoyat sifatida qabul qiladi.