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2.2. Translation of the Words that don’t have Direct Lexical Correspondences in the Russian language. Many English words don’t have any direct correspondences among Russian lexical units. They are neologisms, the words which express specific notions and realities, little known names. Practice of translation has some ways of conveying of these words:
1) transliteration;
2) descriptive translation;
3) replication.
1. When a translator has to convey an English word which doesn’t have any correspondence in the Russian language he can try to recreate a form of the English word in translation in order to bring a lexical unit into the Russian language that corresponds to the translated English word.
A foreign form in translation can be conveyed by two ways: transliteration and transcription. Transliteration is based on conveying of graphical image of an English word, i.e. English letters. Transcription is based on phonetic principle, i.e. on conveying of the sounds of an English word by Russian letters. The last way conveys sounding of an English word more exactly as it proceeds from not English spelling but from its real sounding.
# Mrs. De Vries had seen Julia act in Middlepool. She gave parties so that the young actors might get to know managers, and asked them to stay at her grand house near Guildford, where they enjoyed a luxury they had never dreamed of. (Ch. 8, p.68).
Миссис де Фриз уже видела Джулию в Миддлпуле. Она устроила несколько званых вечеров, чтобы познакомить молодых актеров с антрепренерами, и пригласила их в свой великолепный дом возле Гилдфорда, где они окунулись в роскошь, которая никогда им не снилась. (С.57).
2. There is not such a word that couldn’t be translated into other language at least descriptively, in other words, by extended combination of words of given language. Usually, entire explanation of a meaning of a word doesn’t keep within the frameworks of TT, and a translator has to reduce to a minimum a translation-explanation, give only a part of the description or to footnote. Here are the examples from the novel:
# Evie was Julia’s dresser and maid. … She was a cockney, … (Ch.10, p.83).
Эви была горничная и костюмерша Джулии. … Она была кокни. (С.69).
The English word cockney is conveyed by not only transliteration but descriptively. The translator makes a foot-note: Кокни – уроженец Ист-Энда (рабочий квартал Лондона); речь кокни отличается особым нелитературным произношением и грамматическими неправильностями.
# “You can get back with the milk,” he’d said. (Ch.13, p.122). – Ты сможешь вернуться рано утром, когда станут развозить молоко. (С.96).
For English reader this sentence is natural and clear because it is an English tradition to drive milk in mornings but for TR it will be strange without any explanation.
3. For conveying of the lexica that doesn’t have any correspondences in TL replication is also used. It is creation of a new word, a word-combination or a compound word for notation of a corresponding object on bases of the elements which exist materially in a language. This word is named calque (backbencher - заднескамеечник, sky-scraper - небоскреб, influence - влияние). Here are the examples from the text:
# I might be squint-eyed and hump-backed. (Ch.7, p.60). – Я могла бы быть кривой (косоглазой) и горбатой. (С.52).
# She felt like a high-born damsel, … (Ch.6, p.58). – Она ощущала себя высокородной девицей, …(С.50).
Replication of set expressions is widely used (people of good will – люди доброй воли, on the brink of war – на грани войны):
# When Julia and Michael had decided to try their luck in London… (Ch.8, p.68). - Когда Джулия и Майкл решили попытать счастья в Лондоне, … (С.57).
# They drove the rest of the journey in stormy silence. (Ch.8, p.71). – Остаток пути прошел в грозовом молчании. (С.59).
Replication is applied sometimes on conveying some place-names (Cape of Good Hope – мыс Доброй Надежды, St. Lawrence River – река Св. Лаврентия):
# They had a small flat at Buckingham Gate… (Ch.7, p.60). - У них была небольшая квартирка на Бэкингем-гейт… (С.52).
# When Michael went away to the war Dolly pressed her to come and live in her house in Montagu Square, … (Ch.8, p.68). - Когда Майкл ушел на войну, Долу настаивала на том, чтобы Джулия переехала к ней, в ее дом на Монтегью-сквер, …(С.57).
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