POLITICAL HIVES
Great leaders understand Durkheim, even if they’ve never read his
work. For Americans born before 1950, you can activate their
Durkheimian higher nature by saying just two words: “Ask not.” The
full sentence they’ll hear in their minds comes from John F.
Kennedy’s 1961 inaugural address. After calling on all Americans to
“bear the burden of a long twilight struggle”—that is, to pay the
costs and take the risks of ghting the cold war against the Soviet
Union—Kennedy delivered one of the most famous lines in
American history: “And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your
country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.”
The yearning to serve something larger than the self has been the
basis of so many modern political movements. Here’s another
brilliantly Durkheimian appeal:
[Our movement rejects the view of man] as an
individual, standing by himself, self-centered, subject to
natural law, which instinctively urges him toward a life
of sel sh momentary pleasure; it sees not only the
individual but the nation and the country; individuals
and generations bound together by a moral law, with
common traditions and a mission which, suppressing the
instinct for life closed in a brief circle of pleasure, builds
up a higher life, founded on duty, a life free from the
limitations of time and space, in which the individual, by
self-sacri ce, the renunciation of self-interest … can
achieve that purely spiritual existence in which his value
as a man consists.
Inspiring stu , until you learn that it’s from The Doctrine of
Fascism, by Benito Mussolini.
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Fascism is hive psychology scaled up
to grotesque heights. It’s the doctrine of the nation as a
superorganism, within which the individual loses all importance. So
hive psychology is bad stu , right? Any leader who tries to get
people to forget themselves and merge into a team pursuing a
common goal is irting with fascism, no? Asking your employees to
exercise together—isn’t that the sort of thing Hitler did at his
Nuremberg rallies?
Ehrenreich devotes a chapter of Dancing in the Streets to refuting
this concern. She notes that ecstatic dancing is an evolved
biotechnology for dissolving hierarchy and bonding people to each
other as a community. Ecstatic dancing, festivals, and carnivals
invariably erase or invert the hierarchies of everyday life. Men dress
as women, peasants pretend to be nobles, and leaders can be safely
mocked. When it’s all over and people have returned to their normal
social stations, those stations are a bit less rigid, and the connections
among people in di erent stations are a bit warmer.
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Fascist rallies, Ehrenreich notes, were nothing like this. They were
spectacles, not festivals. They used awe to strengthen hierarchy and to
bond people to the godlike gure of the leader. People at fascist rallies
didn’t dance, and they surely didn’t mock their leaders. They stood
around passively for hours, applauding when groups of soldiers
marched by, or cheering wildly when the dear leader arrived and
spoke to them.
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Fascist dictators clearly exploited many aspects of humanity’s
groupish psychology, but is that a valid reason for us to shun or fear
the hive switch? Hiving comes naturally, easily, and joyfully to us.
Its normal function is to bond dozens or at most hundreds of people
together into communities of trust, cooperation, and even love.
Those bonded groups may care less about outsiders than they did
before their bonding—the nature of group selection is to suppress
sel shness within groups to make them more e ective at competing
with other groups. But is that really such a bad thing overall, given
how shallow our care for strangers is in the rst place? Might the
world be a better place if we could greatly increase the care people
get within their existing groups and nations while slightly
decreasing the care they get from strangers in other groups and
nations?
Let’s imagine two nations, one full of small-scale hives, one
devoid of them. In the hivish nation, let’s suppose that most people
participate in several cross-cutting hives—perhaps one at work, one
at church, and one in a weekend sports league. At universities, most
students join fraternities and sororities. In the workplace, most
leaders structure their organizations to take advantage of our
groupish overlay. Throughout their lives, citizens regularly enjoy
muscular bonding, team building, and moments of self-
transcendence with groups of fellow citizens who may be di erent
from them racially, but with whom they feel deep similarity and
interdependence. This bonding is often accompanied by the
excitement of intergroup competition (as in sports and business),
but sometimes not (as in church).
In the second nation, there’s no hiving at all. Everyone cherishes
their autonomy and respects the autonomy of their fellow citizens.
Groups form only to the extent that they advance the interests of
their members. Businesses are led by transactional leaders who align
the material interests of employees as closely as possible with the
interests of the company, so that if everyone pursues their self-
interest, the business will thrive. In this non-hivish nation you’ll nd
families and plenty of friendships; you’ll nd altruism (both kin and
reciprocal). You’ll nd all the stu described by evolutionary
psychologists who doubt that group selection occurred, but you’ll
nd no evidence of group-related adaptations such as the hive
switch. You’ll nd no culturally approved or institutionalized ways
to lose yourself in a larger group.
Which nation do you think would score higher on measures of
social capital, mental health, and happiness? Which nation will
produce more successful businesses and a higher standard of living?
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When a single hive is scaled up to the size of a nation and is led
by a dictator with an army at his disposal, the results are invariably
disastrous. But that is no argument for removing or suppressing
hives at lower levels. In fact, a nation that is full of hives is a nation
of happy and satis ed people. It’s not a very promising target for
takeover by a demagogue o ering people meaning in exchange for
their souls. Creating a nation of multiple competing groups and
parties was, in fact, seen by America’s founding fathers as a way of
preventing tyranny.
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More recently, research on social capital has
demonstrated that bowling leagues, churches, and other kinds of
groups, teams, and clubs are crucial for the health of individuals and
of a nation. As political scientist Robert Putnam put it, the social
capital that is generated by such local groups “makes us smarter,
healthier, safer, richer, and better able to govern a just and stable
democracy.”
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A nation of individuals, in contrast, in which citizens spend all
their time in Durkheim’s lower level, is likely to be hungry for
meaning. If people can’t satisfy their need for deep connection in
other ways, they’ll be more receptive to a smooth-talking leader
who urges them to renounce their lives of “sel sh momentary
pleasure” and follow him onward to “that purely spiritual existence”
in which their value as human beings consists.
IN SUM
When I began writing The Happiness Hypothesis, I believed that
happiness came from within, as Buddha and the Stoic philosophers
said thousands of years ago. You’ll never make the world conform to
your wishes, so focus on changing yourself and your desires. But by
the time I nished writing, I had changed my mind: Happiness
comes from between. It comes from getting the right relationships
between yourself and others, yourself and your work, and yourself
and something larger than yourself.
Once you understand our dual nature, including our groupish
overlay, you can see why happiness comes from between. We
evolved to live in groups. Our minds were designed not only to help
us win the competition within our groups, but also to help us unite
with those in our group to win competitions across groups.
In this chapter I presented the hive hypothesis, which states that
human beings are conditional hive creatures. We have the ability
(under special circumstances) to transcend self-interest and lose
ourselves (temporarily and ecstatically) in something larger than
ourselves. I called this ability the hive switch. The hive switch is
another way of stating Durkheim’s idea that we are Homo duplex; we
live most of our lives in the ordinary (profane) world, but we
achieve our greatest joys in those brief moments of transit to the
sacred world, in which we become “simply a part of a whole.”
I described three common ways in which people ip the hive
switch: awe in nature, Durkheimian drugs, and raves. I described
recent ndings about oxytocin and mirror neurons that suggest that
they are the stu of which the hive switch is made. Oxytocin bonds
people to their groups, not to all of humanity. Mirror neurons help
people empathize with others, but particularly those that share their
moral matrix.
It would be nice to believe that we humans were designed to love
everyone unconditionally. Nice, but rather unlikely from an
evolutionary perspective. Parochial love—love within groups—
ampli ed by similarity, a sense of shared fate, and the suppression
of free riders, may be the most we can accomplish.
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