The Interplay of Synonymy and Polysemy



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thesis

Fisher’s Exact Test
to measure the level of 
attraction of an element to a slot in a construction. Fisher’s Exact Tests are run on a two by 
two table. Table 5 illustrates how a data table is constructed.
Table 5
. Exemplification of the data collection process for collostructional 
analysis 
luz 
‘light’ 
not 
luz
‘light’ 
T
OTAL
arrojar 
(a)
15 
(c-a) 
(c)
502 
not arrojar 
(b-a) 
(d-b)-(c-a) 
(d-c) 
TOTAL
(b)
4631 
(d-b) 
(d)
1953930 
The number of occurrences of a noun, in this case 
luz
‘light’, as the 
MOVANT
of the 
verb 
arrojar
appears in (a). The number in (b) is the total occurrences of the noun 
luz
‘light’ 
in the corpus. The number in (c) is the total number of times the verb 
arrojar
appears in the 
corpus, excluding infinitives, gerunds and participles (consistent with the 400-sentence 
corpus). Finally, (d) is the total number of verbs in the corpus. The rest of the table is filled 
by subtraction. For example, the combination of 
arrojar 
+ N is found by subtracting the 


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occurrence of 
arrojar

luz
‘light’ from all the occurrences of 
arrojar
. This is meant to 
represent all constructions of V + N that occur with 
arrojar
, but do not involve 
luz
‘light’.
This type of table is filled for all combinations of verb and noun. Then a Fisher’s 
Exact Test was run for each two-by-two table. The test was run on Microsoft’s online Fisher's 
Exact Test Calculator
7
. The result is a p-value. In the case of table 5, the p-value is 2.79E-12 
(or 0.00000000000279). The p-value indicates the level of attraction of the noun to the verb. 
A noun is attracted to a verb if it has more occurrences than expected and its p-value is small: 
the smaller the p-value, the larger the attraction. In this example, 
luz
‘light’ is highly attracted 
to the 
MOVANT
position of 
arrojar
. Repulsion can also be captured by this measure. The only 
difference is that the noun occurs less often with the verb. The p-value in such a case 
represents the level of repulsion. 
Stefanowitsch & Gries (2003:227) argue that one of the benefits of their method is 
that it results in a ranked list of words associated to the construction, and this rank lends itself 
to meaningful analysis. In our study, the ranked list lends itself to two meaningful 
comparisons. First of all, one can compare the behavior of the various nouns with a single 
verb. This makes it possible for us to say which noun is most attracted to a verb. Since each 
attracted noun usually signals different meanings expressed, this also allows us to tentatively 
posit the most salient meanings for each verb. Thus the collostructional analysis can give 
some insight into the polysemy of each verb. 
The collostructional analysis also provides insight into the synonymy of these verbs. 
Comparing a single noun across all four verbs, gives data on the meanings that these verbs 
share. We can compare the attraction of a single noun across all four verbs. This allows us to 
detail which verbs occur with a certain noun (and therefore express a specific meaning). The 
p-values can also pinpoint which verb prefers a given meaning.
There are some limitations to the collostructional analysis, speaking specifically from 
the results of our study. First of all, in many cases the p-value is higher than 0.05 and is 
therefore not significant. It is unclear whether anything meaningful can be said about those 
instances. Secondly, there were only three cases of repulsion. Again, it was unclear whether 
anything meaningful could be said about why there was repulsion. The limited data available 
likely had an effect. 
The results of the collostructional analysis in most cases confirm the patterns found in 
the 400-sentence corpus, showing that the patterns found are representative of the entire 
7
 
http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/redmond/projects/mscompbio/FisherExactTest/
 


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corpus. The collostructional analysis also provides some valuable information on 
DIRECTIONALS
, especially since the 400-sentence corpus provides little data on this final 
argument. The results of the collostructional analysis are described in §4.2.5 and §4.3.3.

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