2.4.3 Polysemy as Schemas
The
throw-
verbs show a large amount of variation in the meanings that can be
expressed with each verb. Adopting schemas and links allows us to show connections
between a verb and its various uses. In fact, links can be posited for a verb and the different
idioms it can appear with, no matter how semantically opaque the idiom may be.
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The verb
echar
appears in the phrase
echar de menos.
The phrase means ‘to notice the
absence of someone/thing and to feel sad about it’ (DELE, VOX)
4
. The phrase first appeared
in the language in the 16
th
century. It is an adaptation of a Portuguese phrase
achar menos
which literally meant ‘to find not’ (Corominas & Pascual 1991). Even though historically
there may be a semantic motivation for the phrase, synchronically this phrase is mostly non-
compositional for most speakers; they treat
echar de menos
closer to a single chunk
semantically.
A traditional solution is to treat this phrase as a separate entry. There is a lexical entry
for the verb
echar
and a separate one for the phrase
echar de menos
, and there would be no
connection between them. This would likely be the solution proposed by Jackendoff (1990)
and Pustejovsky (1995). Since it seems that the meaning of the individual elements in the
phrase do not contribute to the final meaning (i.e. it is not compositional) it is unclear how
Pustejovsky’s (1995) system would handle such a phrase. The meaning extension (if it can be
called that) from throwing to missing is not common or regular enough to be captured by a
principle. Therefore, Jackendoff (1990) would not have much to say about this phrase either.
From a construction perspective there is more to say about this idiomatic phrase.
Idioms exhibit mixed characteristics: they are semantically idiosyncratic, a characteristic of
individual lexical items, yet they are syntactically complex, a characteristic of phrases and
sentences (Croft 2007, Cruse 1986). Often idioms follow regular syntactic patterns and can
even be semantically compositional in some cases (Fillmore et al. 1988, Nunberg et al. 1994,
O’Grady 1998, Mateu & Espinal 2007). Using schemas and links we can show these patterns
of semantic and syntactic compositionality.
The syntactic make-up of the phrase
echar de menos
can be captured using schemas.
First of all, the phrase is made up of three words. Simplifying a bit, there would be a schema
that captures the fact that the first element is a verb. A schema can capture information at
differing levels of abstraction: it is the verb
echar
, which is a caused-motion verb, which is a
motion verb, which is a verb. The second element is the preposition
de
‘from/of’. The final
element is
menos
‘less’. Though this last word is usually used as an adverb, in this case it is
not behaving as an adverb. A speaker could reason that it seems to be behaving as a
complement of the verb, so it might be a noun. Or a speaker could conceive of it simply as a
word, not caring what type of word it is. This analysis of the structure is shown in figure 6.
4
Throughout this paper I use various dictionaries, grammars and online resources to define the different
meanings of the
throw
-verbs. The sources are in Spanish. All translations in the text are my own. I have
attempted in each case to be as faithful to the original text as possible, though sometimes I merge definitions
from two dictionaries, or shorten a definition. The original Spanish definitions are included in appendix C.
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