Ode
to Flowering Wheat
in sorrow over the fallen dynasty of Yin, nor was he
similar to the senior official at the court of Zhou, who composed the
Lyric
of the Millet Shoots
lamenting the collapse of the house of Zhou. He narrated
in detail the stories of Śākyamuni Buddha and gave an account of many his-
torical facts of India. He also recounted the manners and customs of various
places and wrote down the strange legends. Time passed swiftly and he
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sojourned in India for several years. Although he was much attached to the
Land of Happiness he did not forget to return to his homeland.
He procured one hundred and fifty grains of the Tathāgata’s relic bones;
a golden image of the Buddha one foot six inches high, including the base
and halo, an imitation of the shadow image in the dragon’s cave at Prāgbodhi
Mountain in the country of Magadha; a golden image of the Buddha three
feet three inches high, including the base and halo, an imitation of the image
of the Buddha in the posture of turning the wheel of the Dharma for the first
time at Deer Park in the country of Bārāṇasī; a sandalwood image of the
Buddha one foot five inches high, including the base and halo, an imitation
of the sandalwood portrait made by King Udayana of the country of Kauśāmbī
when he longed to see the Tathāgata; a sandalwood image of the Buddha
two feet nine inches high, including the base and halo, an imitation of the
image of the Tathāgata descending by a precious stairway from the heavenly
palace to earth in the country of Kapitha; a silver image of the Buddha four
feet high, including the base and halo, an imitation of the image of the Buddha
as he was preaching the
Saddharmapuṇḍarīka-sūtra
and other scriptures on
Vulture Peak in the country of Magadha; a golden image of the Buddha three
feet five inches high, including the base and halo, an imitation of the shadow
portrait left by the Buddha when he had subdued a venomous dragon in the
country of Nagarahāra; a sandalwood image of the Buddha one foot three
inches high, including the base and halo, an imitation of the Buddha’s image
in the posture of making a tour in the [capital] city of the country of Vaiśālī
to edify the inhabitants. [He also brought back] two hundred and twenty-
four Mahayana scriptures; one hundred and ninety-two Mahayana treatises;
fourteen scriptures, disciplinary texts, and treatises of the Sthavira school;
fifteen scriptures, disciplinary texts, and treatises of the Mahāsāṃghika
school; fifteen scriptures, disciplinary texts, and treatises of the Saṃmitīya
school; twenty-two scriptures, disciplinary texts, and treatises of the Mahī -
śāsaka school; seventeen scriptures, disciplinary texts, and treatises of the
Kāśyapīya school; forty-two scriptures, disciplinary texts, and treatises of
the Dharmagupta school; sixty-seven scriptures, disciplinary texts, and
treatises of the Sarvāstivāda school; thirty-six texts on
hetuvidyā
(logic); and
thirteen texts on
śabdavidyā
(Sanskrit grammar): altogether six hundred and
fifty-seven books bound in five hundred and twenty bundles.
348
Fascicle XII
In order to propagate the supreme teachings he prepared his carriage for
the return journey on the perilous way. He came out of the old country of
Śrāvastī and left the former suburbs of Gayā. After ascending the dangerous
path over the Cong Ling Mountains and traversing the hazardous passage
through the desert, he arrived in the capital in the first month of the spring
of the nineteenth year (of the Zhenguan reign, 645
C.E.
). He had an interview
with the Emperor at Luoyang, who ordered him to translate the Sanskrit texts
into Chinese. He summoned scholars to work with him to achieve this superior
deed through joint effort. The Cloud of the Dharma again cast [its protective]
shade and the Sun of Wisdom emitted brilliant light anew. The edification
that the Buddha taught at Vulture Peak prevailed in the Chinese capital, and
the teachings brought out from the dragon’s palace were expounded in the
metropolitan district. This was a time of prosperity in the spread of Buddhism
during its image period.
The Master is dexterously conversant with the Sanskrit language, with
which he praised the profound Buddhist texts. He reads Sanskrit books as if
they were his own compositions and his intonation still echoes in the air.
Strictly adhering to the Buddha’s meanings, he does not add any embellish-
ments to his translations. Unknown dialects and previouly untranslated San-
skrit terms have been carefully studied and weighed through research and
mutual collation with passages from classical Buddhist texts, lest deviations
should occur.
A gentleman in official dress approached the Master and said earnestly
to him, “India is a country where divine beings and saints assembled and
people of virtue were born. Their writing is that of the gods and their language
that of the deities, with graceful and well-constructed diction rhythmically
pronounced, with one word having many meanings, and one meaning being
expressed in different words. There are falling and rising intonations and
voiced as well as unvoiced consonants. The translation of the profound
Buddhist texts must depend on brilliant scholars and the abstruse essences
of the scriptures must be explained by people of great virtue. If deletions are
made in a translation or if the words are tuned according to musical notation
it is really inappropriate and cannot truly be regarded as good work. The
exposition of the profound essences of the scriptures must be easily under-
standable. So long as it is not contradictory to the original meaning it may
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The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
be considered well done. Excessive embellishments may render a translation
too flowery in style; if [the language] is too simple it will be inelegant. Only
when it is done in a plain style without ornamentation and written elegantly
without being dull can a work be free of grave blunders and counted as a
good translation. Laozi said, ‘Florid sayings are not trustworthy and trust-
worthy words are not florid.’ Hanzi said, ‘When one’s reason is justifiable
one’s speech is straightforward; if one talks in ornate language he is hiding
the truth.’ From these maxims we may know that the principle is equally
applicable to all things. It is hoped that obscure and unintelligible points may
be expurgated for the readers’ benefit and delight. It is very harmful to deviate
from the original meanings in order to give place to ornamental verbiage,
and adherence to obsolete rules is something to which the Buddha strongly
objected.” Both the monks and the laity said unanimously, “Yes! What has
been said is really true!”
Formerly, when Confucius was in a position to hear litigation he used to
write verdicts jointly with others and never did so by himself alone. In com-
posing his
Spring and Autumn Annals
he wrote what should be written and
deleted what should be cut out, and even such learned literati among his dis-
ciples as Ziyou and Zixia could not aid him in writing a word. The Master
did his translation in the same way. He is not like Kumārajīva, who translated
Buddhist texts at the Garden of Leisure and Repose, allowing his disciples
Daosheng, Sengzhao, Daorong, and Sengrui to make deletions as they pleased.
How could we add or remove anything of the Buddha’s teachings in an age
when the angles of a square are cut off to make it round and when ostentation
is discarded and simplicity upheld?
350
Fascicle XII
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