Preface
Jing Bo
I venture to consider that the vast space between heaven and earth is so exten-
sive, and that the dissimilarities of human beings endowed with consciousness
and intelligence are so variant, that the
Talk on Heaven
could not trace their
limits, nor could the
Comprehensive Map of the Earth
distinguish their original
sources. From this we may know that it is impossible to relate all the places
that are not mentioned in the regional records and lie beyond the reach of
the influence and education of the imperial court.
As regards India, it has a long history since its establishment as a country.
There saints and sages spring up generation after generation, and the morality
of kindness and justice is their common custom. But in the past we never
had contacts with that country, and its territory is not conjoined with the
Middle Kingdom. It is neither recorded in the
Shanhai jing
(
Book on Moun-
tains and Seas
) nor mentioned in the
Wanghui pian
(“Chapter on the Royal
Meeting”). Although Zhang Qian, the Marquis of Bowang, opened the road
to the Western Regions, he was inspired in vain by the sight at Bactria of
bamboo sticks produced at Qionglai Mountain in China. The Kunming route
was obstructed by the mountainous region of Yuexi in the southwest, and so
Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty could only excavate the Divine Lake at
Chang’an to train his navy, but to no effect. Therefore even though astrological
signs had shown the good omen of the birth of the Buddha, his abstruse teach-
ings were impeded from being introduced to China for a thousand years.
Emperor Ming of the Han dynasty dreamed of a golden figure with a sunlike
halo behind its head, but the divine light of Buddhism was still enshrouded
in secret ten thousand
li
away. When Cai Yin was dispatched to the Western
Regions in search of the Buddhist religion, he invited Kāśyapa-Mātaṅga to
Luoyang with Buddhist scriptures, which were preserved at the Rock Chamber,
but these were not as profound as the texts kept in the Nāga Palace in India.
The Buddha’s image was drawn at the Terrace of Coolness, but it was not as
fine as the statue erected at Vulture Peak.
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867b
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
After that the governance of the state became faulty and eunuchs and
people of ignoble character swayed the realm. They brought disaster upon
the Eastern Capital and disrupted the country. The Empress and Empress
Dowager started disturbances and split the nation, as one tears a piece of silk
into pieces. Political institutions and decrees died out at Hangu Pass and
Luoyang, and beacon fires were set to give the alarm at the strategic watch-
towers. Thus the cities became blockaded by fortresses at the four suburbs.
India was separated from here by a very great distance. There were, how-
ever, occasional inquisitive travelers who visited that country to hunt for
novelty. Although they have left us some records, they did not make a full
account of the products and topography of the places they visited. They
merely quoted passages from books of strange stories and did not make a
thorough study of the truth of
bhūtatathatā
(absolute truth).
Even at the time of the Sui dynasty, when the empire was unified and the
domain considerably expanded, people could only gaze at the sea in the West
and regret that they were unable to proceed further. They had to ponder over
the situation while looking at the country of Dongli (Tāmraliptī?). It is true
that many a man has hoisted banners and flags outside the Yumen Pass, but
no record can be found about anyone who successfully crossed the Pamir
Range. How could anyone ride through the Snow Mountains and halt for a
while beside the dragon lake? This was really because the virtue of the Sui
rulers was not pervasive and their prestige not far-reaching.
The House of Great Tang, holding sway over the empire, has opened up
the world for the initiation of imperial prospects. The comets [of rebels] have
been swept away and the fortune of the nation has been brightened. Its achieve-
ments are as great as the creation of the universe, and its brilliance is equal
to the light of the sun and the moon. All people are grateful for having gained
a new life, as if they had been saved from the mouths of jackals and wolves.
Every family is glad about having a new lease on life, as if their souls had
returned from the sphere of ghosts and demons. Alien residents of different
nationalities reside on Gao Street in the capital, and all distant and desolate
places are included in the imperial territory. It may be said that the Ten Spirits
Islands are parts of the Imperial Garden, and that the four seas are regarded
as its ponds and pools. The Five Emperors of old are slighted and the monarchs
of ancient ages are held in scorn.
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867c
Preface by Jing Bo
Having entered the gate of the Dharma in his childhood, Dharma Master
[Xuanzang] regretted that he had not been to the Jetavana Garden; when he
grew up he thought about the traces left by the Buddha and eagerly looked
forward to visiting the Deer Park. Thus he lifted up his robe to start the
journey to the Land of Purity; this was his long-cherished desire.
At a time when the general mood of honesty was prevailing westward,
and in the season when the climate was suitable for officials to take home-
bound trips to the east, he started his journey, with his pewter staff in hand,
in the third year of Zhenguan. Under the spiritual protection of his ancestors,
he was able to reach lands with various customs, and he met with many dan-
gers that he eventually weathered safely. With the aid of deities he traversed
risky paths, from which he barely escaped with his life. He suffered the abrupt
changes of scorching heat and bitter cold, passing through many places before
he reached his destination. If we speak of inquiring into the truth, it depends
on whether one sees or does not see the difference between the theories of
emptiness and existence; research into the sublime teachings lies in whether
one has or has not heard about the doctrine of birth and death. Doubts about
the sea of truth must be solved to enable all living beings to awaken from
the stream of delusion. He collected various scriptures, of which not a single
word he did not understand, and he visited all the holy sites, none of which
did he not see in person. After having traveled for many years, he returned
home and reached Chang’an in the first month of the nineteenth year [of
Zhenguan], bringing back six hundred fifty-seven books, which he translated
into Chinese by imperial decree.
Dharma Master [Xuanzang] personally visited one hundred ten countries
and heard information about twenty-eight countries. Some of them are men-
tioned in the historical records of previous dynasties, while others are known
to us for the first time in the present age. All of them are influenced by the
spirit of harmony and enjoy the benevolence of Great Tang. They have paid
homage and submitted to the authority of the Emperor, beseeching him to
dispatch officials to reform their language. They climbed mountainous paths
to come to offer tribute, and they were so merrily entertained at the imperial
court that they clapped their hands; dressed in the costume of the Tang, they
formed into groups. Regarding their different products and local conditions,
as well as their social customs and the mountains and rivers of their lands,
5
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
we have to refer to their books for ancient times; for recent times we can
inquire of elderly people. Distant are those alien countries but here they
appear clearly before our eyes. We need not take the trouble to write letters
to find out details that are already written on white silk and entitled
The Great
Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
in twelve fascicles kept in one
cloth slipcase. I humbly consider that the information provided in this book is
quite detailed, while certain trivial matters and minor events will, I hope, make
up what is missing in former historical works.
This is the preface composed by Jing Bo, Assistant Writer of the Imperial
Secretarial Department.
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