Translator’s Introduction
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
is the travelogue of the
journey undertaken by Tripiṭaka Master Xuanzang in India and some parts of
Central Asia in 629–645
C.E.
An epoch-making figure in the history of Chinese
Buddhism, Xuanzang was born at Chenliu (in the suburbs of present-day Kaifeng
municipality in Henan province) in 600
C.E.
with the family name of Chen. His
ancestral line, according to Bianji’s “Eulogy” appended at the end of this
Record,
is said to be traceable as far back as the legendary Emperor Shennong, who is
supposed to have reigned around 3000
B.C.E.
But according to ascertainable
historical data, Master Xuanzang was the progeny of Chen Shi, alias Zhonggong,
who once served as magistrate of the ancient Taiqiu county during the reign of
Yongping (58–75
C.E.
) of Emperor Ming of the Later Han dynasty. His great-
grandfather, Chen Xin, was the governor of Shangdang prefecture during the
Northern Wei dynasty (386–534
C.E.
), while his grandfather, Chen Kang, served
as an official at the court of the Northern Qi dynasty (561–77
C.E.
). His father,
Chen Hui, was a learned scholar who devoted himself to the study of Confucian
classics and refused to accept government appointments at a time when the
country was in turmoil.
Xuanzang was the youngest of the four children of the family. After becoming
a novice while he was a youth, he lived with his second brother, Chen Su, who
had become a monk previously with the religious name of Changjie at Jingtu
Monastery in Luoyang, where Xuanzang started his career as a student of
Buddhist doctrines under the instruction of various teachers. At the age of twenty
he was fully ordained as a
bhikṣu
at Chengdu in the fifth year of the Wude period
(622
C.E.
). In the course of his study he was bewildered by the various theories
in the Buddhist texts available in Chinese translations. He had a strong impulse
to solve these theoretical uncertainties by searching for the missing, untranslated
original Sanskrit texts, particularly the
Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra;
thus he braved
all hardships lying ahead on the journey to India. Violating a government ban
on emigration, he slipped out of the empire without official permission. During
Translator’s Introduction
his sojourn of sixteen years in India, he studied the
Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra
and
other texts under the tutelage of Venerable Śīlabhadra, a well-known Buddhist
scholar of Nālandā Monastery near Rājagṛha. Xuanzang visited all the important
Buddhist sites and ruins, enjoyed great popularity in India through his learning
as an outstanding Buddhist scholar, and he won the support of the reigning mon-
archs such as Śīlāditya and others of India.
When Xuanzang reached Khotan on his way back to China, he brought with
him as many as six hundred and fifty-seven books bound in five hundred and
twenty bundles that he had acquired in India, carried by twenty packhorses. He
sent a message by a merchant to inform Emperor Taizong (r. 627–649) of his
forthcoming arrival in the capital. The emperor immediately dispatched a reply,
urging Master Xuanzang to quicken his speed in his homebound journey. Upon
his arrival in the capital on the seventh day of the first month in the nineteenth
year of Zhenguan (645
C.E.
), Xuanzang was given a warm and lively welcome
by the emperor. In the course of the conversation Emperor Taizong inquired
about the conditions in the various regions and countries the master had visited.
In reply, Xuanzang informed the emperor of what he had seen or heard concerning
the religion, geography, local products, habits and customs, climates, and legends
and fables of the different localities of India and Central Asia. Fascinated by
his account, Emperor Taizong right away requested Master Xuanzang to write
a book about the journey for his reference. This was the cause for the compilation
of this
Record,
which Xuanzang completed in 646
C.E.
, the year after his return
to the capital, with the assistance of Bianji, a monk-scholar of Zongchi Monastery,
who was invited by imperial order to help the master in his translation work.
Bianji was not merely a steno grapher who took down Xuanzang’s dictation, as
he modestly says in his “Eulogy”; he was also an editor who put the master’s
oral recitation into the classical style of the Chinese written language. This is
why Bianji’s name appears on the title page as the compiler of the
Record.
The
name of Master Xuanzang appears as the translator, perhaps because certain pas-
sages of the
Record,
such as the Jātaka stories, were not his but the work of earlier
writers. For further details of Xuanzang’s life, see Li Rongzi, trans.,
A Biography
of the Tripiṭaka Master of the Great Ci’en Monastery of the Great Tang Dynasty
(Berkeley: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 1995).
Here I should like to mention that the passage at the end of Fascicle XI is an
addition appended some seven hundred years after the time of Xuanzang. This
xiv
Translator’s Introduction
xv
passage deals with Zheng He’s visit to Sri Lanka during the reign of Emperor
Chengzu (r. 1403–24) of the Ming dynasty. Zheng He (1371–1435) was an
influential eunuch at the court, and in 1405 he was ordered to lead an official
mission to visit various countries in South Asia and around the Indian Ocean.
In the course of his voyage, he visited King Bhuvanaikabāhu V (r. 1372–1408)
of Sri Lanka. Thus it seems that Zheng He was probably the person who wrote
this passage.
From the second half of the nineteenth century onward, when French and
English translations of the
Record
appeared, Indian and Western historians and
archaeologists found this work of great value in filling certain gaps in the history
of India and locating the sites of former glories of ancient India. With its exact
descriptions of distances and locations of different places, the
Record
served as
a guidebook for the excavation and rediscovery of such important ancient sites
as the old city of Rājagṛha, the Temple of the Deer Park at Sarnath, the grottoes
of Ajantā, the ruins of the well-known Nālandā Monastery in Bihar, etc. Thus
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
is not merely a book to
be studied by students of Buddhism but also a substantial and interesting reference
providing rich information about medieval India for the general reader.
THE GREAT TANG DYNASTY RECORD
OF THE WESTERN REGIONS
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