with Jesus, he was forestalled by Jesus (through supernatural knowledge, or
through having heard the exchange outside?) raising it first with him.¹
Jesus’ argument is by analogy with the taxation policy of the “kings of the
earth,” a phrase unique in this gospel, and probably intended to contrast
human rulers with God as the Lord of the temple;¹⁷ it prepares the way
suggestively for the question about precedence in “the kingdom of heaven”
in 18:1 (see comments there). “Duties” (telē, plural) is a general term for
(normally) indirect taxation through customs duties etc., while the “tax”
(kēnsos, singular) would refer in Palestine specifically to the Roman poll tax
levied on the subjects of an area under direct Roman rule (see on 22:15–22).
All rulers, it is taken for granted, need to raise revenue; the question is from
whom do they raise it. The specific reference of “sons” and “strangers” will
depend on which governing authority is in view: for the Roman poll tax the
crucial division was between Romans and subject foreigners (a possible
meaning of allotrios, “stranger”), but not all rulers rule over foreigners, and
where they are taxing their own people the “sons” who are exempt are more
likely to be their own family members as opposed to the wider populace.¹⁸
But whatever the exact reference, the principle assumed by Jesus’ question
and Peter’s response is that rulers exempt those closest to them from
taxation. Whatever our modern democratic ideals may suggest, that seems a
valid observation of the natural human tendency as it would have been
experienced in the first century.
The analogy assumes that the temple tax (a uniform tax on all Jewish adult
males, irrespective of their wealth) is similarly levied by a ruler from his
subjects. But who is the ruler of the temple? No human could claim that title; the
reference must be to God,¹ and the Jewish people are his subjects. Who then are
the “sons” who are exempt? The obvious reference in context is to Jesus
himself,² whose payment of the tax was the subject of the question, and who has
recently again been declared “Son of God” on the mountain (17:5); the plural
might then be explained as derived from the analogy rather than determining its
application. But the plural raises the possibility that here, as in 12:1–8, his
disciples are also understood to share in his privilege as (in that case) “Lord of
the sabbath.” The next verse will go on to include Peter’s own payment of the
tax along with that of Jesus, as if the two are on the same footing of
accommodation rather than obligation. Just as Jesus had spoken of “something
greater than the temple,” not just “someone” (12:6), so here too we perhaps
glimpse the concept of a messianic community which in some sense shares the
Messiah’s special relationship with God.
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