40–43 Now that the symbolism has been clarified, the significdanmce of the
parable can be drawn out in more general terms, with the emphasis on its
final scene of judgment. The “one like a son of man” in Dan 7:13–14 was a
figure of universal authority and sovereignty, and it is in accordance with
that vision, and its context of judgment (Dan 7:10, 22), that the Son of Man
is here presented (as he will be also in 19:28 and in 25:31–46) as executing
the final judgment (sending out his angels) and thus standing in the place of
the divine judge himself.¹ Similarly in 24:31 the Son of Man will send out
his angels to gather in not the wicked, as here, but his chosen people; we
shall argue at that point, however, that the reference there is not so much to
the final judgment as to the gathering in of the people of the Son of Man
within history. Even more remarkably, the Son of Man is himself the king in
his kingdom (v. 41). The “kingdom of the Son of Man” is a distinctively
Matthean concept, which will recur in 16:28; 19:28; 25:31–34 (cf. 20:21). It
is a natural corollary of the enthronement of the “one like a son of man” in
Dan 7:13–14, but it is only Matthew who explicitly extends the “kingdom of
God/heaven” proclaimed by the Son of Man to be also the kingdom of the
Son of Man himself.¹⁷
The rather ponderous description of those removed from his kingdom as “all the
stumbling-blocks and those who live lawlessly”¹⁸ is probably an echo of the
judgment scene in Zeph 1:3 where “the stumbling-blocks¹ with the wicked” are
among the things which God is going to “sweep away” from the earth.² The
Hebrew expression is surprising and translators vary in their rendering (or
emendation) of it, while the main MSS of the LXX omit the phrase altogether,
but Matthew’s wording reflects its likely literal sense. If so, he envisages Jesus
as taking over the role of God the judge in the OT prophecy. The “furnace of
fire” (literally), which will appear again in v. 50, is not used elsewhere in the NT
as an image for hell,²¹ but the familar use of fire imagery for hell (see on 5:22)
makes it unsurprising; the “furnace” or “oven” derives from the imagery of the
incineration of unwanted vegetation, just as the rubbish-dumps of Jerusalem
provided the background for Gehenna.²² see on 25:46 for the question of the
duration of punishment; the imagery of the incinerated weeds here supports the
view that the wicked are destroyed rather than that they are endlessly tormented.
For the conventional phrase “weeping and gnashing of teeth” see on 8:12.
The “righteous” include not only the disciples but all God’s true people from the
past (see v. 17 and cf. 8:11). Their ultimate state, described in the imagery of the
parable as being gathered into the barn of the landowner, is spelled out in terms
of glory; when Jesus appears in heavenly glory in 17:2 he also will be said to
“shine like the sun.” The language reflects Dan 12:3, where after the prediction
that some will be raised to everlasting life we read, “those who are wise will
shine like the brightness of the sky, and those who lead many to righteousness
like the stars for ever”—Matthew’s verb “shine out” is the same as that in
Theodotion. In contrast with the present hiddenness of the kingdom of God and
its adherents, one day they will shine out in heavenly glory for all to see (cf. Wis
3:7; 1 En. 39:7).²³ The “kingdom of the Son of Man” (v. 41) has now become the
“kingdom of their Father;” cf. the frequent reference by Jesus in the Sermon on
the Mount to God as the disciples’ Father in heaven. This is the goal to which the
hard road of discipleship must eventually lead.
For the concluding formula see on 11:15. Here it is applied not to the parable
itself, as in v. 9, but to the truths which it symbolizes. These too need careful
thought and assimilation.
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