The disciples were to take courage at that time from recognizing that there is
fruitful as well as unfruitful seed, and that where the seed has not grown the fault
lies in the soil rather than in the message itself. But the types of soil are
described not in terms of any particular group or groups, whether during Jesus’
ministry or subsequently, but in general categories which may be applicable in
many different times and situations within Christian history. Even as
“interpreted” the parable therefore remains open-ended in terms of its pastoral
application. The careful spelling out of the successive agricultural hazards
therefore probably justifies the use to which the parable has been most
frequently put in subsequent Christian exposition, as a basis for those who hear
it, even within the disciple community, to examine their own openness to God’s
message and the fruitfulness or otherwise of their response. The slogan
“Whoever has ears, let them hear” (v. 9) invites such an application.
Unreceptiveness, shallowness and preoccupation with this age are problems not
exclusively experienced by those outside the group, and even within the disciple
community there are different levels of fruitfulness.
Each of the synoptic writers seems to have found it difficult to express concisely
how the scenes of the story relate to people who hear the message, and each has
gone about the task slightly differently. The story is about the sowing of seed
(the “message of the kingdom”), but its moral is found in the different fates
which await that (same) seed in different types of soil. Matthew’s way of
expressing this is clear enough, but strictly inaccurate in that he speaks of each
hearer as being the seed rather than the soil¹⁵ but then speaks of how they “hear
the message”. In the first scene (v. 19) the identification of the person as seed
comes at the end, but before that we hear of the seed sown in the heart of that
person. In the rest of the scenes the identification comes first, followed by a
description of the results of hearing, which is expressed sometimes in human
terms (“enthusiasm,” “suffering or persecution,” “stumble,” “the worries of this
world and the false lure of wealth,” “hears and understands”) and sometimes in
terms of the seed (“have no root,” “choke,” “produce a crop,” “yielding a
hundred-fold” etc.). The resultant blending of image and application might not
satisfy a pedant, but it does communicate vividly.
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